WiFi(Wireless Fidelity)基础(七)

news2024/11/17 19:31:32

目录
一、基本介绍(Introduction)
二、进化发展(Evolution)
三、PHY帧((PHY Frame )
四、MAC帧(MAC Frame )
五、协议(Protocol)
六、安全(Security)
七、802.11ac标准
八、802.11ad标准
九、802.11ax (WiFi 6)标准
十、WiFi直接连接(WiFi Direct)
十一、测试(Testing)
十二、WiFi射频测量(WiFi RF Meas.)
https://www.sharetechnote.com/

七、802.11ac标准

以下是802.11ac的主要特性列表。这些主要特性中的大多数将导致(lead to)PLDC和MAC帧结构(frame structure)的一些添加/修改(addition / modification)。这些详细的变化将在每个相应的章节(corresponding section)中进行总结(summarize)。如果您不熟悉WLAN框架结构和基本操作,我建议您先浏览(go through)WLAN框架结构(WLAN Frame structure)与WLAN协议(WLAN protocol)页面。

● 动机和策略(Motivation and Strategy)
● 总体规范/要求(Overall Specification/Requirements)
● 超高频吞吐量(VHT:Very High Throughput)
● 检测(Detect)802.11ac AP
● 检测802.11ac站点(设备)
● 动态带宽分配(Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation)
● 其他帧类型(Additional Frame Types)
● 波束形成报告轮询帧(Beamforming Report Poll Frame)
● 超高速吞吐量空数据包公告(VHT NDP Announcement,NDP:Null Data Packet)
● 超高速吞吐量压缩波束形成帧(VHT Compressed Beamforming Frame)
● 用于探测PPDU的VHT前导码格式(VHT preamble format for sounding PPDUs)
● 通道测量(探测)程序(Channel measurement (sounding) procedures)
● MU-MIMO波束成形(MU-MIMO BeamForming)
● 兼容性(Compatibility)

1、动机和策略(Motivation and Strategy)

几乎在每种通信技术的每一次演进(evolution)中(物联网IoT除外),802.11ac的主要动机(motivation)是实现(achieve)比以前的(previous)最高吞吐量技术(在这种情况下为802.11n)高得多的吞吐量(throughput)。我敢肯定,你会看到另一种技术的目标是比802.11ac更高的吞吐量(我们已经听说过802.11ad)。

那么,实现(achieve)这种高吞吐量的技术策略(technical strategy)是什么?总体策略也与其他技术相同(如果你看过蜂窝技术(celluar technology)的演变过程(例如WCDMA->HSPA->DCHSPA或LTE->LTE-MIMO->载波聚合(Carrier Aggregation)等),你会很容易理解该策略。这种演变的一些技术可以列出如下

● 更多天线(Antenna)
● 更多数据流(Data Stream)
● 更宽的信道(更宽的射频带宽) Wider Channel (Wider RF Bandwidth)
● 更高的调制深度(Modulation Depth)
● 更大的MAC(或更高)层帧(Layer Frame)

考虑到这个列表,如果你试图将这些技术中的每一项与802.11ac的每一个规范相关联(correlate),那么就更容易了解这些规范的全貌(big picture)或动机(motivation )。

为了让您对这一动机有更实际的了解(practical insight),我将比较(compare)802.11n(802.11ac之前最先进的技术)和802.11ac在上述功能/技术方面的表现。(注:我从参考Ref [13]中获得了大部分信息。如果您有时间,我建议您至少通读一次本文件)
在这里插入图片描述
2、总体规范/要求(Overall Specification/Requirements)

802.11 ac的第一个关键词key word(基本特性fundamental characteristics)是

5 Ghz band ONLY !

任何新技术(technology)都不可能在一夜之间(overnight)发明(invent)出来。我们都明白这一点。然而,我们不想永远等到一切都准备好了。在这种情况下,一种常见的做法(common practice)是将这些需求/愿望列表(requirement/wishlist)拆分(split)为多个块(multiple chunk),并逐块(chunk by chunk)攻击(attack)它们。在某些技术中,他们将这些区块(chunk)称为“阶段(Stage)”(如阶段1、阶段2等),在某些技术中将其称为“时期(Phase)”(如,时期1、时期2等)。在802.11ac中,他们称它们为Wave(例如,Wave 1、Wave 2等)。802.11ac已发展(evolve)为两波(至少截至目前at least as of now,2016年8月),如下所示。

< Wave 1 >

最大3 x 3:3个数据流(3 x 3 : 3 Data Streams Max)
最大80 Mhz <=802.11最大带宽的两倍 (Max 80 Mhz <== Twice the max bandwidth of 802.11 n
400ns 保护间隔(400ns GI (Guard Interval))
256 QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation正交振幅调制)
5/6 编码速率(Coding Rate)
在所有最大条件下为1300 Mbps (1300 Mbps under all of the max condition)

< Wave 2 >

4 x 4:4数据流或最大8 x 8:8数据流 (4 x 4 : 4 Data Streams or 8 x 8 : 8 Data Streams Max)
传输波束形成(基于显式CSI) (Transmission BeamForming (based on Explicit CSI))
AP支持MU-MIMO
最大160 Mhz
800ns GI(保护间隔)
256 QAM
5/6 编码速率
3466.7 Mbps,4 x 4
6933.3 Mbps,8 x 8

3、检测802.11ac接入点(Detecting 802.11ac Access Point)

如果你有一个802.11ac无线网卡(设备),你要做的第一件事就是弄清楚(figure out)设备周围的接入点(AP:Access Point)是否支持802.11ac(事实上Actually,你不需要弄清楚这一点,你的WLAN设备就会明白的)。

那么,您的WLAN设备将如何确定(figure out)AP是否支持802.11ac?它是通过对来自AP的称为Beacon的特殊信息信号进行解码(decode)来实现的。如果您的AP支持802.11ac,它将广播(broadcast)包含以下信息的Beancon信号。

下面的信标信号(Beacon Signal)来自无线局域网测试设备安立MT8862(Anritsu MT8862)。安立通过用户数据向我提供了一个从Beacon开始的完整样本日志(sample log),这将是我研究的一个很好的资源。随着我从日志中了解到更多信息,我将分享更多信息。您可以看到关于如何捕获(capture)此日志的测试设置。
在这里插入图片描述
它可能看起来很简单,有两行信息,但它将包含(contain)AP支持的802.11ac功能(capability)的许多细节。以下是完整的解码信息(decoded information)。

Tag: VHT Capabilities (IEEE Stc 802.11ac/D3.1)
Tag Number: VHT Capabilities (IEEE Stc 802.11ac/D3.1) (191)
Tag length: 12
VHT Capabilities Info: 0x03800022

.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..10 = Maximum MPDU Length: 11 454 (0x00000002)

.... .... .... .... .... .... .... 00.. = Supported Channel Width Set: Neither 160MHz

                                          nor 80+80 supported (0x00000000)

.... .... .... .... .... .... ...0 .... = Rx LDPC: Not supported

.... .... .... .... .... .... ..1. .... = Short GI for 80MHz: Supported

.... .... .... .... .... .... .0.. .... = Short GI for 160MHz and 80+80MHz: Not supported

.... .... .... .... .... .... 0... .... = Tx STBC: Not supported

.... .... .... .... .... .000 .... .... = Rx STBC: None (0x00000000)

.... .... .... .... .... 0... .... .... = SU Beam-former Capable: Not supported

.... .... .... .... ...0 .... .... .... = SU Beam-formee Capable: Not supported

.... .... .... .... 000. .... .... .... = Compressed Steering Number of Beamformer Antennas

                                          Supported: 1 (0x00000000)

.... .... .... .000 .... .... .... .... = Number of Sounding Dimensions: 1 (0x00000000)

.... .... .... 0... .... .... .... .... = MU Beam-former Capable: Not supported

.... .... ...0 .... .... .... .... .... = MU Beam-formee Capable: Not supported

.... .... ..0. .... .... .... .... .... = VHT TXOP PS: Not supported

.... .... .0.. .... .... .... .... .... = +HTC-VHT Capable (VHT variant HT Control field):

                                          Not supported

.... ..11 1... .... .... .... .... .... = Max A-MPDU Length: 1 048 575 (0x00000007)

.... 00.. .... .... .... .... .... .... = VHT Link Adaptation: No Feedback (0x00000000)

...0 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... = Rx Antenna Pattern Consistency: Not supported

..0. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... = Tx Antenna Pattern Consistency: Not supported

00.. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... = Reserved: False

VHT Supported MCS Set

Rx MCS Map: 0xfffe

    .... .... .... ..10 = Rx 1 SS: MCS 0-9 (0x0002)

    .... .... .... 11.. = Rx 2 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    .... .... ..11 .... = Rx 3 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    .... .... 11.. .... = Rx 4 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    .... ..11 .... .... = Rx 5 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    .... 11.. .... .... = Rx 6 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    ..11 .... .... .... = Rx 7 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    11.. .... .... .... = Rx 8 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

...0 0000 0000 0000 = Rx Highest Long GI Data Rate (in Mb/s, 0 = subfield not in use):

   0x0000

Tx MCS Map: 0xfffe

    .... .... .... ..10 = Tx 1 SS: MCS 0-9 (0x0002)

    .... .... .... 11.. = Tx 2 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    .... .... ..11 .... = Tx 3 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    .... .... 11.. .... = Tx 4 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    .... ..11 .... .... = Tx 5 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    .... 11.. .... .... = Tx 6 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    ..11 .... .... .... = Tx 7 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

    11.. .... .... .... = Tx 8 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

...0 0000 0000 0000 = Tx Highest Long GI Data Rate  (in Mb/s, 0 = subfield not in use):

   0x0000

Tag: VHT Operation (IEEE Stc 802.11ac/D3.1)

Tag Number: VHT Operation (IEEE Stc 802.11ac/D3.1) (192)

Tag length: 5

VHT Operation Info

Channel Width: 80 MHz (0x01)

Channel Center Segment 0: 42

Channel Center Segment 1: 0

Basic MCS Map: 0xfffc

.... .... .... ..00 = Basic 1 SS: MCS 0-7 (0x0000)

.... .... .... 11.. = Basic 2 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

.... .... ..11 .... = Basic 3 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

.... .... 11.. .... = Basic 4 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

.... ..11 .... .... = Basic 5 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

.... 11.. .... .... = Basic 6 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

..11 .... .... .... = Basic 7 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

11.. .... .... .... = Basic 8 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

4、检测802.11ac站点(设备) Detecting 802.11ac Station (Device)

通讯(Communication)是两个或多个方面之间的信息交流。上一节(previous section)展示了该设备如何计算(figure out)出AP的802.11ac能力。然后你会问AP如何计算设备的802.11ac功能。AP可以从来自设备的[Probe Request探查请求]消息中计算出设备能力,如下所示(as shown below)。

注意:此日志由使用Anritsu MT8862的测试设置( test setup)捕获

IEEE 802.11 Probe Request, Flags: …C

Type/Subtype: Probe Request (0x04)

Frame Control Field: 0x4000

.... ..00 = Version: 0

.... 00.. = Type: Management frame (0)

0100 .... = Subtype: 4

Flags: 0x00

    .... ..00 = DS status: Not leaving DS or network is operating in AD-HOC mode

                (To DS: 0 From DS: 0) (0x00)

    .... .0.. = More Fragments: This is the last fragment

    .... 0... = Retry: Frame is not being retransmitted

    ...0 .... = PWR MGT: STA will stay up

    ..0. .... = More Data: No data buffered

    .0.. .... = Protected flag: Data is not protected

    0... .... = Order flag: Not strictly ordered

.000 0000 0011 1100 = Duration: 60 microseconds

Receiver address: Anritsu_07:91:0e (00:00:91:07:91:0e)

Destination address: Anritsu_07:91:0e (00:00:91:07:91:0e)

Transmitter address: e0:cb:ee:f9:4a:de (e0:cb:ee:f9:4a:de)

Source address: e0:cb:ee:f9:4a:de (e0:cb:ee:f9:4a:de)

BSS Id: Anritsu_07:91:0e (00:00:91:07:91:0e)

Fragment number: 0

Sequence number: 2048

Frame check sequence: 0xfe06c6aa [correct]

[Good: True]

[Bad: False]

IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN management frame

Tagged parameters (83 bytes)

Tag: SSID parameter set: MT8862A6000000008

    Tag Number: SSID parameter set (0)

    Tag length: 17

    SSID: MT8862A6000000008

Tag: Supported Rates 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54, [Mbit/sec]

    Tag Number: Supported Rates (1)

    Tag length: 8

    Supported Rates: 6 (0x0c)

    Supported Rates: 9 (0x12)

    Supported Rates: 12 (0x18)

    Supported Rates: 18 (0x24)

    Supported Rates: 24 (0x30)

    Supported Rates: 36 (0x48)

    Supported Rates: 48 (0x60)

    Supported Rates: 54 (0x6c)

Tag: DS Parameter set: Current Channel: 36

    Tag Number: DS Parameter set (3)

    Tag length: 1

    Current Channel: 36

Tag: HT Capabilities (802.11n D1.10)

    Tag Number: HT Capabilities (802.11n D1.10) (45)

    Tag length: 26

    HT Capabilities Info: 0x01ef

        .... .... .... ...1 = HT LDPC coding capability:

                              Transmitter supports receiving LDPC coded packets

        .... .... .... ..1. = HT Support channel width: Transmitter supports 20MHz and

                              40MHz operation

        .... .... .... 11.. = HT SM Power Save: SM Power Save disabled (0x0003)

        .... .... ...0 .... = HT Green Field: Transmitter is not able to receive PPDUs

                              with Green Field (GF) preamble

        .... .... ..1. .... = HT Short GI for 20MHz: Supported

        .... .... .1.. .... = HT Short GI for 40MHz: Supported

        .... .... 1... .... = HT Tx STBC: Supported

        .... ..01 .... .... = HT Rx STBC: Rx support of one spatial stream (0x0001)

        .... .0.. .... .... = HT Delayed Block ACK: Transmitter does not support

                              HT-Delayed BlockAck

        .... 0... .... .... = HT Max A-MSDU length: 3839 bytes

        ...0 .... .... .... = HT DSSS/CCK mode in 40MHz: Won't/Can't use of DSSS/CCK

                              in 40 MHz

        ..0. .... .... .... = HT PSMP Support: Won't/Can't support PSMP operation

        .0.. .... .... .... = HT Forty MHz Intolerant: Use of 40 MHz transmissions

                              unrestricted/allowed

        0... .... .... .... = HT L-SIG TXOP Protection support: Not supported

    A-MPDU Parameters: 0x03

        .... ..11 = Maximum Rx A-MPDU Length: 0x03 (65535[Bytes])

        ...0 00.. = MPDU Density: no restriction (0x00)

        000. .... = Reserved: 0x00

    Rx Supported Modulation and Coding Scheme Set: MCS Set

        Rx Modulation and Coding Scheme (One bit per modulation): 2 spatial streams

            .... .... .... .... .... .... 1111 1111 = Rx Bitmask Bits 0-7: 0x000000ff

            .... .... .... .... 1111 1111 .... .... = Rx Bitmask Bits 8-15: 0x000000ff

            .... .... 0000 0000 .... .... .... .... = Rx Bitmask Bits 16-23: 0x00000000

            0000 0000 .... .... .... .... .... .... = Rx Bitmask Bits 24-31: 0x00000000

            .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...0 = Rx Bitmask Bit 32: 0x00000000

            .... .... .... .... .... .... .000 000. = Rx Bitmask Bits 33-38: 0x00000000

            .... .... ...0 0000 0000 0000 0... .... = Rx Bitmask Bits 39-52: 0x00000000

            ...0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000. .... = Rx Bitmask Bits 53-76: 0x00000000

        .... ..00 0000 0000 = Highest Supported Data Rate: 0x0000

        .... .... .... ...0 = Tx Supported MCS Set: Not Defined

        .... .... .... ..0. = Tx and Rx MCS Set: Equal

        .... .... .... 00.. = Maximum Number of Tx Spatial Streams Supported: 0x0000,

                              TX MCS Set Not Defined

        .... .... ...0 .... = Unequal Modulation: Not supported

    HT Extended Capabilities: 0x0000

        .... .... .... ...0 = Transmitter supports PCO: Not supported

        .... .... .... .00. = Time needed to transition between 20MHz and 40MHz:

                              No Transition (0x0000)

        .... ..00 .... .... = MCS Feedback capability: STA does not provide MCS feedback

                              (0x0000)

        .... .0.. .... .... = High Throughput: Not supported

        .... 0... .... .... = Reverse Direction Responder: Not supported

    Transmit Beam Forming (TxBF) Capabilities: 0x0000

        .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...0 = Transmit Beamforming: Not supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..0. = Receive Staggered Sounding: Not supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .0.. = Transmit Staggered Sounding:

                                                  Not supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0... = Receive Null Data packet (NDP):

                                                  Not supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .... ...0 .... = Transmit Null Data packet (NDP):

                                                  Not supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .... ..0. .... = Implicit TxBF capable: Not supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .... 00.. .... = Calibration: incapable (0x00000000)

        .... .... .... .... .... ...0 .... .... = STA can apply TxBF using CSI explicit

                                                  feedback: Not supported

        .... .... .... .... .... ..0. .... .... = STA can apply TxBF using uncompressed

                                             beamforming feedback matrix: Not supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .0.. .... .... = STA can apply TxBF using compressed

                                             beamforming feedback matrix: Not supported

        .... .... .... .... ...0 0... .... .... = Receiver can return explicit CSI

                                             feedback: not supported (0x00000000)

        .... .... .... .... .00. .... .... .... = Receiver can return explicit uncompressed

                                   Beamforming Feedback Matrix: not supported (0x00000000)

        .... .... .... ...0 0... .... .... .... = STA can compress and use compressed

                                   Beamforming Feedback Matrix: not supported (0x00000000)

        .... .... .... .00. .... .... .... .... = Minimal grouping used for explicit

                                   feedback reports: No grouping supported (0x00000000)

        .... .... ...0 0... .... .... .... .... = Max antennae STA can support when CSI

                                    feedback required: 1 TX antenna sounding (0x00000000)

        .... .... .00. .... .... .... .... .... = Max antennae STA can support

                                    when uncompressed Beamforming feedback required:

                                    1 TX antenna sounding (0x00000000)

        .... ...0 0... .... .... .... .... .... = Max antennae STA can support

                                    when compressed Beamforming feedback required:

                                    1 TX antenna sounding (0x00000000)

        .... .00. .... .... .... .... .... .... = Maximum number of rows of CSI explicit

                                    feedback: 1 row of CSI (0x00000000)

        ...0 0... .... .... .... .... .... .... = Maximum number of space time streams for

                                    which channel dimensions can be simultaneously

                                    estimated: 1 space time stream (0x00000000)

        000. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... = Reserved: 0x00000000

    Antenna Selection (ASEL) Capabilities: 0x00

        .... ...0 = Antenna Selection Capable: Not supported

        .... ..0. = Explicit CSI Feedback Based Tx ASEL: Not supported

        .... .0.. = Antenna Indices Feedback Based Tx ASEL: Not supported

        .... 0... = Explicit CSI Feedback: Not supported

        ...0 .... = Antenna Indices Feedback: Not supported

        ..0. .... = Rx ASEL: Not supported

        .0.. .... = Tx Sounding PPDUs: Not supported

        0... .... = Reserved: 0x00

Tag: Vendor Specific: Microsof: Unknown 8

    Tag Number: Vendor Specific (221)

    Tag length: 7

    OUI: 00-50-f2 (Microsof)

    Vendor Specific OUI Type: 8

    Type: Unknown (0x08)

Tag: VHT Capabilities (IEEE Stc 802.11ac/D3.1)

    Tag Number: VHT Capabilities (IEEE Stc 802.11ac/D3.1) (191)

    Tag length: 12

    VHT Capabilities Info: 0x338051b2

        .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..10 = Maximum MPDU Length: 11 454 (0x00000002)

        .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 00.. = Supported Channel Width Set:

                                           Neither 160MHz nor 80+80 supported (0x00000000)

        .... .... .... .... .... .... ...1 .... = Rx LDPC: Supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .... ..1. .... = Short GI for 80MHz: Supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .... .0.. .... = Short GI for 160MHz and 80+80MHz:

                                                  Not supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .... 1... .... = Tx STBC: Supported

        .... .... .... .... .... .001 .... .... = Rx STBC: 1 Spatial Stream Supported

                                                  (0x00000001)

        .... .... .... .... .... 0... .... .... = SU Beam-former Capable: Not supported

        .... .... .... .... ...1 .... .... .... = SU Beam-formee Capable: Supported

        .... .... .... .... 010. .... .... .... = Compressed Steering Number of Beamformer

                                                  Antennas Supported: 3 (0x00000002)

        .... .... .... .000 .... .... .... .... = Number of Sounding Dimensions: 1

                                                  (0x00000000)

        .... .... .... 0... .... .... .... .... = MU Beam-former Capable: Not supported

        .... .... ...0 .... .... .... .... .... = MU Beam-formee Capable: Not supported

        .... .... ..0. .... .... .... .... .... = VHT TXOP PS: Not supported

        .... .... .0.. .... .... .... .... .... = +HTC-VHT Capable (VHT variant HT Control

                                                  field): Not supported

        .... ..11 1... .... .... .... .... .... = Max A-MPDU Length:1 048 575 (0x00000007)

        .... 00.. .... .... .... .... .... .... = VHT Link Adaptation: No Feedback

                                                  (0x00000000)

        ...1 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... = Rx Antenna Pattern Consistency:Supported

        ..1. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... = Tx Antenna Pattern Consistency:Supported

        00.. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... = Reserved: False

    VHT Supported MCS Set

        Rx MCS Map: 0xfffa

            .... .... .... ..10 = Rx 1 SS: MCS 0-9 (0x0002)

            .... .... .... 10.. = Rx 2 SS: MCS 0-9 (0x0002)

            .... .... ..11 .... = Rx 3 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

            .... .... 11.. .... = Rx 4 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

            .... ..11 .... .... = Rx 5 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

            .... 11.. .... .... = Rx 6 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

            ..11 .... .... .... = Rx 7 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

            11.. .... .... .... = Rx 8 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

        ...0 0011 0000 1100 = Rx Highest Long GI Data Rate

                             (in Mb/s, 0 = subfield not in use): 0x030c

        Tx MCS Map: 0xfffa

            .... .... .... ..10 = Tx 1 SS: MCS 0-9 (0x0002)

            .... .... .... 10.. = Tx 2 SS: MCS 0-9 (0x0002)

            .... .... ..11 .... = Tx 3 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

            .... .... 11.. .... = Tx 4 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

            .... ..11 .... .... = Tx 5 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

            .... 11.. .... .... = Tx 6 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

            ..11 .... .... .... = Tx 7 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

            11.. .... .... .... = Tx 8 SS: Not Supported (0x0003)

        ...0 0011 0000 1100 = Tx Highest Long GI Data Rate  

                              (in Mb/s, 0 = subfield not in use): 0x030c

5、超高速吞吐量 VHT (Very High Throughput)

802.11ac中最重要的关键词(keywords)之一是VHT。VHT代表(stand for)极高吞吐量(Very High Throughput)。对于这意味着什么,您不需要任何额外的解释(additional explanation)。其含义显而易见(obvious and self-explanatory)。

问题是如何实现(achieve)VHT,以及引入(introduce)什么样的新帧(frame)和协议来实现(implement)这一点。

VHT是物理层帧(Physical layer frame)概念(concept),其定义如下所示。
在这里插入图片描述
在wireshark日志中,您可能会从Radiotap Header中看到此帧信息,如下所示。
在这里插入图片描述

6、动态带宽分配(Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation)

802.11ac支持各种(various)类型的带宽组合(bandwidth combination),如20 Mhz、80 Mhz、160 Mhz。然后问题是“他们如何分配(allocate)带宽(bandwidth)?”。静态还是动态(Statically or Dynamically)?

静态分配(Static allocation)意味着发送器Transmitter(启动器Initiator)和接收器Reciever(响应器Responder)在连接建立的早期阶段(early stage)协商(negotiate)并确定带宽,并保持不变,直到通信(会话session)结束。

动态分配(Dynamic allocation)意味着即使在单个会话期间(single session),发送器和接收器SOMEHOW也会在很短的时间间隔(interval)内协商/确定(negotiate/determine)带宽。

802.11ac采用(pick up)了动态分配方法(approach)。它允许在每次传输(transmission)时更改带宽。

那么问题是“怎么做?”。他们使用何种协商(negotiation)来确定/商定(determine/agree)发射机和接收机(Transmitter and Reciever)之间的带宽?
Data Transmission in Detail
基本想法很简单。正如您在详细信息中的数据传输部分(Data Transmission in Detail)所看到的,所有802.11的基本信道获取过程(channel acquisition process)都是基于RTS/CTS机制的。802.11ac使用相同的机制来动态地(dynamically)确定可用带宽(avaiable bandwidth)。其思想是将整个可能的802.11ac频带分割(split)成多个基本分段块(例如,20 MHz、40 MHz、80 MHz等),并在多个频率块(multiple frequency block)上模拟地(simulateneously)执行(perform)多个RTS/CTS。(这与LTE中的载波聚合(Carrier Aggregation)非常相似similary )。首先,启动器(initiator)通过多频率块(frequency block)发送多个RTS,并等待CTS。如果启动器在所有块上接收到CTS,则可以使用所有频率块(非常宽的聚合带宽aggregated bandwidth)。如果启动器对于所有传输的RTS只接收到几个CTS,则它使用接收CTS的较小带宽。(详见参考Ref [9])。

让我给你举几个(a couple of)例子,并举例说明动态带宽(Dynamic Bandwidth)是如何发展的。这里只有两种情况,但在这方面可能有更多的变化(variation)。

< Case 1 >

在这种情况下,节点(Node)A(发起方initiator)和节点B(接收方recipient)之间没有干扰(interference),并且两个节点都可以使用全带宽。当然,在完成步骤3之前,这些节点对带宽可用性(availability)一无所知。
在这里插入图片描述

步骤0:就在步骤1之前(Right before Step 1),假设( it is assumed that)节点A将整个80 Mhz部分(section)划分为4个连续的(contiguous)20 Mhz块,并对这些20 Mhz块中的每个执行(perform)载波感测(carrier sensing )。并且假设( it is assumed that)所有这些20MHz块都是可用的(available)。

步骤1:假设(assuming that)调度(scheduling)在DCF中完成,节点A等待被称为DIFS(DCF Inter Frame Space/DCF帧间空间)的特定时间段。

步骤2:节点A使用802.11a帧(frame)向节点B发送(transmit)每个20MHz块的RTS,并且假设(it is assumed that)所有这些RTS都成功到达节点B。

步骤3:(假设节点B检测(detect)到针对所有20MHz块的RTS)节点B针对每20MHz子块(subblock)使用802.11a帧来发送CTS。

步骤4:(假设节点A检测到所有20MHz块的CTS)节点A假设所有80Mhz BW都是无干扰/无干扰的(no-interference),并利用全部80Mhz以802.11ac模式发送数据。

步骤5:(假设节点B接收并解码了整个数据)节点B每20 Mhz块(总共40 Mhz)发送Ack。

< Case 2 >

这是在节点B(接收方recipient)上的80Mhz块内的一些频谱块(spectrum block)中存在一些干扰(interference)的情况。当然,在完成步骤3之前,这些节点对带宽可用性(availability)一无所知。
在这里插入图片描述
步骤0:就在步骤1之前,假设( it is assumed that)节点A将整个80Mhz部分划分为4个连续的20Mhz块,并对这些20Mhz块中的每个执行载波感测。并且假设所有这些20MHz块都是可用的。

步骤1:假设调度在DCF中完成,节点A等待称为DIFS(DCF帧间空间)的特定时间段。

步骤2:节点A使用802.11a帧向节点B发送每个20MHz块的RTS。

步骤3:(由于各种various原因,例如,节点B由于干扰而未能接收RTS,或者基于载波感测的介质Medium繁忙)节点B仅针对两个连续的(consecutive)20MHz块使用802.11a帧来发送CTS。

步骤4:(假设节点A检测到两个20MHz块的CTS)节点A假设只有40Mhz BW是畅通的/没有干扰的,并利用40Mhz以802.11ac模式发送数据。

步骤5:(假设节点B接收并解码了整个数据)节点B发送两个20MHz块(总共40Mhz)的Ack。

7、其他MAC帧类型 (Additional MAC Frame Types)

在802.11ac中,以下新的帧类型被添加到现有类型中。大多数新帧类型用于实现信道测量和报告(Channel Measurement and Report),以执行MU-MIMO波束形成(Beamforming)。
在这里插入图片描述
8、波束形成报告轮询帧(Beamforming Report Poll Frame)
在这里插入图片描述
9、超高速吞吐量空数据包公告(VHT NDP Announcement,NDP:Null Data Packet)

该帧用于波束形成器BeamFormer(AP)启动(initiate)信道测量过程。(有关详细信息,请Refer to 802.11ac 8.3.1.20 VHT NDP Announcement frame format)
在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述
10、超高速吞吐量压缩波束形成帧(VHT Compressed Beamforming Frame)

该帧用于BeamFormee(用户)报告信道测量结果(Refer to 802.11ac 8.5.23.2 VHT Compressed Beamforming frame format)
在这里插入图片描述
11、用于探测PPDU的VHT前导码格式(VHT preamble format for sounding PPDUs)

请参阅802.11ac表22-4——VHT PPDU的每个字段标签的字段。(Refer to 802.11ac Table 22-4—Fields of the VHT PPDU for each field label.)
在这里插入图片描述
12、通道测量(探测)程序(Channel measurement (sounding) procedures)

为了对特定设备执行(perform)正确的(proper)波束成形(beamforming),找出(figure out)波束成形器(BeamFormer)和波束成形器(BeanFormee)之间的准确(accurate)信道条件至关重要(crucial)。为了计算(figure out)通道条件,BeamFormer和BeamFormee执行一系列特定的校准过程(calibration process),该过程被称为通道测量或探测过程(Channel Measurement or Sounding process)。具体如下。

有关详细信息,请参阅802.11ac 9.31.5.2 VHT探测协议序列(sounding protocol sequences)规则、图9-41a和图9-41a。

<在单个VHT波束形成的情况下(In case of single VHT BeamFormee)>

步骤1:BeamFormer(通常为AP)发送(transmit)NDP(Null Data Packet) Announcement frame

步骤2:BeamFormee(通常是WLAN用户设备)响应NDP通知announcement(NDP中未指定的其他设备推迟(defer)信道接入(channel access),直到信道测量过程完成)

步骤3:波束形成器(Beamformer)发送携带训练序列(Training Sequence)的空数据包(NDP Frame, VHT preamble format/NDP帧,VHT前导码格式preamble format)

步骤4:BeamFormee分析训练序列并发送反馈矩阵(有关反馈矩阵(feedback Matrix)的详细信息,请参阅802.11ac 8.4.1.48 VHT Compressed Beamforming Report字段)

步骤5:BeamFormer根据反馈矩阵计算(calculate)引导矩阵(steering matrix)

<在多个VHT波束形成的情况下(In case of multiple VHT BeamFormee)>

步骤1:BeamFormer(通常为AP)发送NDP(空数据包Null Data Packet)公告帧(Announcement frame)

步骤2:BeamFormee(通常是WLAN用户设备)响应NDP通知(NDP中未指定的其他设备推迟(defer)信道接入(channel access),直到信道测量过程完成)

步骤3:波束形成器发送(transmit)携带(carry)训练序列的空数据包(NDP帧,VHT前导码格式preamble format)

步骤4:BeamFormees分析训练序列

步骤5:BeamFormee1发送-发送反馈矩阵(有关反馈矩阵(feedback Matrix)的详细信息,请参阅802.11ac 8.4.1.48 VHT压缩波束形成报告字段)

步骤6:BeamFormer发送下一个BeamFormee的BeamForming报告轮询(BeamForming Report Poll)

步骤7:下一次BeamFormee发送反馈矩阵(feedback Matrix)

步骤8:重复步骤6,7,直到BeamFormer获得所有BeamFormee的所有信息。

步骤9:BeamFormer根据反馈矩阵计算引导矩阵(steering matrix)

注:这个复杂过程(complicated process)的基本目的(fundamental purpose)是弄清楚(figure out)接入点和设备之间无线电信道(radio channel)的特征charateristics(性质nature)。这也被称为“通道探测(Channel Sounding)”。在此过程中,不会传递(convey)任何用户数据。这意味着这个过程可能是一种开销overhead(吞吐量下降因素throughput degradation factor)。如果AP可以通过从该过程中提取(extract)最合适的波束形成参数(BeamForming parameter)来最佳地优化(optimize)通信,则该过程可以获得总体吞吐量增益(throughput gain)。然而,如果AP未能从该过程中获得最佳波束成形参数,这只会产生不必要的开销(overhead)。

13、MU-MIMO波束成形(MU-MIMO BeamForming)

MU-MIMO代表(stands for)多用户MIMO,并且这仅在802.11ac中采用adopt(在802.11n及更低版本中不采用)。当我们说MIMO(多输入多输出Multi Input Multi Output)时,它通常指SU-MIMO(Single User MIMO),这是一种仅针对( targeted to)一个设备(用户)的MIMO。相反(On the contrary),MU-MIMO是模拟地(simulateneously)针对多个用户的MIMO。这意味着在MU-MIMO中,发射机transmitter(接入点Access Point)可以向多个用户发送多个数据流。

听起来不错(It sounds fancy),对吧?然而,这项技术的实现(implementation)并不像听起来那么容易,实际性能(real performance)也不会像预期的那样好。也许它需要经历(go through)漫长的进化过程。让我们思考一下与MU-MIMO相关的一些挑战(challenge)和可能的问题(possible issues)

● 为了(In order to)向每个用户提供最佳的优化(the best optimized)波束(beam),它需要非常准确地估计(accurately estimated)每个用户的无线电信道(radio channel)信息。

● 通常,为了对每个用户进行适当的(proper)信道估计(estimation),AP将需要来自每个用户(设备)的一些信道质量(channel quality)信息,该过程将在信令或数据通信(signaling or data communication)方面产生一些开销。

● 由于多个用户的多个波束同时(simultaneously)传输,因此一个波束总是有机会干扰(interfere)其他波束。因此,很难应用非常高阶的(very high order)调制调度modulation schedule(例如,64QAM或256QAM)。

● 为了为设备制造更好的指向波束(pointed beam),需要许多天线(antenna)来形成波束(beam forming)。考虑到我们最多有8个天线,我对我们能为多个用户生成(generate)多好的波束不太有信心confident(尤其是用户数量的增加)。

抛开(Put aside)这种MU-MIMO的实际可行性(practical feasibility)不谈,本规范(specification)已经完成。在大多数技术情况下(尽管并非所有情况都如此),一旦发布(issue)规范,技术就会不断发展(evolve),变得越来越好。

802.11ac MU-MIMO波束形成用如下数学表达式(mathematical expression)表示express(这是基于802.11ac 22.3.11 SU-MIMO and DL-MU-MIMO Beamforming)
在这里插入图片描述

14、兼容性(Compatibility)

每当任何技术的新版本(version)问世(come out)时,最令人担忧的(the most concerning)事情之一就是兼容性。这些新东西(stuff)能和那些旧东西一起工作吗?关于802.11ac,你也会有同样的问题。802.11ac是否与现有(以前的previous)技术(例如802.11a和802.11n)兼容?答案是肯定的。802.11ac从一开始就被设计为与802.11a/n兼容(be compatible with),用于接入点和设备。

Reference

[1] Wikipedia : IEEE 802.11ac
[2] 802.11ac Analysis Webinar
[3] Understanding IEEE 802.11ac VHT Wireless
[4] 802.11ac Testing with the Vector Signal Transceiver
[5] Gigabit Wi-Fi 802.11ac In Depth (YouTube)
[6] 802.11ac Gigabit WiFi: Fact vs. Fiction (YouTube)
[7] Demonstrating the Performance of the Aruba Networks 802.11ac (YouTube)
[8] Aruba Controller-based and Controllerless Wi-Fi (YouTube)
[9] 802.11ac : A Survival Guide - Chapter 3. The MAC
[10] 802.11ac Wireless Packet Captures
[11] Deploying, Testing, and Tuning 802.11ac
[12] How to validate the WI-FI Information within Wireshark – Part I: Determining the WLAN capabilities
[13] 802.11ac: The Fifth Generation of Wi-Fi Technical White Paper

本文来自互联网用户投稿,该文观点仅代表作者本人,不代表本站立场。本站仅提供信息存储空间服务,不拥有所有权,不承担相关法律责任。如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.coloradmin.cn/o/517696.html

如若内容造成侵权/违法违规/事实不符,请联系多彩编程网进行投诉反馈,一经查实,立即删除!

相关文章

Cloud Kernel SIG月度动态:发布ANCK 5.10、4.19新版本,ABS新增仓库构建功能

Cloud Kernel SIG&#xff08;Special Interest Group&#xff09;&#xff1a;支撑龙蜥内核版本的研发、发布和服务&#xff0c;提供生产可用的高性价比内核产品。 01 SIG 整体进展 发布 ANCK 5.10-014 版本。 发布 ANCK 4.19-027.2 版本。 ABS 平台新增 OOT 仓库临时构建功…

如何远程控制电脑?3个方法轻松搞定!

案例&#xff1a;如何远程控制电脑&#xff1f; 【我不想时时刻刻都带着自己的电脑&#xff0c;听朋友说可以远程电脑。有没有大神分享一下具体的操作方法&#xff1f;感谢&#xff01;】 随着科技的不断进步&#xff0c;远程控制电脑已经不再是一件难以实现的事情。如今&…

09.python可视化-Seanorn绘制类别关系图boxplot() boxenplot() violinplot()

分类散点图 分类分布图 1). 箱线图 : boxplot() 2).增强箱图boxenplot() 3).小提琴图 :violinplot() 分类统计图 2. 分类分布图 1). 箱线图 应用场景&#xff1a;主要用来显示与类别相关的数据分布。 seaborn.boxplot(xNone, yNone, hueNone, dataNone, orderNone, hue_orde…

GoView 是一个Vue3搭建的低代码数据可视化开发平台

一、总览 开源、精美、便捷的「数据可视化」低代码开发平台 二、整体介绍 框架&#xff1a;基于 Vue3 框架编写&#xff0c;使用 hooks 写法抽离部分逻辑&#xff0c;使代码结构更加清晰&#xff1b; 类型&#xff1a;使用 TypeScript 进行类型约束&#xff0c;减少未知错误…

WiFi(Wireless Fidelity)基础(九)

目录 一、基本介绍&#xff08;Introduction&#xff09; 二、进化发展&#xff08;Evolution&#xff09; 三、PHY帧&#xff08;&#xff08;PHY Frame &#xff09; 四、MAC帧&#xff08;MAC Frame &#xff09; 五、协议&#xff08;Protocol&#xff09; 六、安全&#x…

MySql -- 事务

目录 1.概念 2.事务的运用场景 3.事务的四大特点 4.执行事务带来的问题 4.1 脏读 4.2 不可重复度 4.3 幻读 5. MySQL中事务的隔离级别 1.概念 事务就是把若干个独立操作打包成一个整体而诞生的一种功能. 2.事务的运用场景 比如&#xff1a;A——>B 转账500 A的余额-500…

【Qt编程之Widgets模块】-007:QStandardPaths类使用方法

1 头文件&#xff1a; #include <QStandardPaths>2 详细说明 QStandardPaths类提供用于访问标准路径的方法&#xff0c;该类包含用于查询本地文件系统上的标准位置的函数&#xff0c;用于常见任务&#xff0c;如特定于用户的目录或系统范围的配置目录。 所谓系统标准路…

[pgrx开发postgresql数据库扩展]6.返回序列的函数编写(1)单值序列

上篇文章是中规中矩的标准计算函数&#xff0c;就算不用pgrx&#xff0c;也是可以正常理解的&#xff0c;所以基本上没有什么对于pgrx框架有关系的东西&#xff08;唯一有关系的东西&#xff0c;应该就是Rust的时间类型与pgrx的时间类型的计算了&#xff09;。 这篇文章会讲一…

Java面试(1)Java概述

文章目录 Java 概述1.什么是Java2. JDK1.5 之后的三大版本3. Jdk和Jre和JVM的区别4. 什么是跨平台性&#xff1f;原理是什么5. Java 语言有哪些特点?6. 什么是字节码&#xff1f;采用字节码的最大好处是什么7. 为什么不全部使用 AOT&#xff08;since JDK9&#xff09; 呢&…

马赛克处理

去取马赛克的网址&#xff1a; Redact • Photo - Free And Private Image Redaction In The Browser https://redact.photo/ REDACT.PHOTO &#xff08;照片马赛克处理在线工具&#xff09;简介 REDACT.PHOTO是一个照片马赛克处理在线工具&#xff0c;能够帮助我们非常方便…

2023自动化测试的10个最佳实践(建议收藏)

虽然大家都知道坚果是非常健康和有营养的&#xff0c;但是&#xff0c;当你尝试吃它的时候&#xff0c;我猜测过程都不会很顺利。现实就是那么相似&#xff0c;我们都知道测试自动化对软件开发有好处&#xff08;就像坚果对我们的身体一样&#xff01;&#xff09;&#xff0c;…

arcgis插件-带属性TXT转SHP数据(支持独立图层、追加到图层)

20230512记录更新 arcgis插件-带属性TXT转SHP数据&#xff08;支持独立图层、追加到图层&#xff09; 这个版本省略掉新建面图层&#xff0c;再在界面进行选择图层的操作。 界面简化到只需要一步操作&#xff0c;选择&#xff08;或者复制&#xff09;TXT文件所在路径&#x…

机器学习(二)决策树原理剖析及python实现

本篇介绍第二个机器学习算法&#xff1a;决策树算法&#xff0c;我们经常使用决策树处理分类问题&#xff0c;近来的调查表明决策树也是最经常使用的数据挖掘算法。 图1所示的流程图就是一个决策树&#xff0c;长方形代表判断模块&#xff08;decision block&#xff09;&…

[Android]AsyncChannel介绍

背景 在WifiManager.java中&#xff0c;随处可见这样的方法调用实现&#xff1a; 代码路径&#xff1a;frameworks/base/wifi/java/android/net/wifi/WifiManager.java public void connect(int networkId, ActionListener listener) {...getChannel().sendMessage(CONNECT_NE…

你真的会跟 ChatGPT 聊天吗?(下)

接《你真的会跟 ChatGPT 聊天吗&#xff1f;&#xff08;上&#xff09;》&#xff0c;本文下半部分没有无毛猫那么搞笑的内容啦&#xff01;即使如此&#xff0c;哪怕你对文中提及的技术不大了解&#xff0c;也可以毫无压力地看完这篇&#xff0c;描述如何更好地获得 ChatGPT …

视频怎么压缩到20M以内

视频怎么压缩到20M以内&#xff1f;我们知道在很多聊天软件中是限制传输的内容大小的&#xff0c;比如说视频大小会限制20M以内。还有就是我们在发一些邮件时&#xff0c;我们在上传附件的时候也是限制视频大小在20M以内。所以说我们有需要把视频压缩到20M以内的情况。那么针对…

记录一次Windows7操作系统渗透测试

#本文档仅用于实验&#xff0c;请勿用来使用恶意攻击&#xff01; 《中华人民共和国网络安全法》中&#xff0c;恶意破坏计算机信息系统罪在第二十七条被明确规定&#xff0c;规定内容为&#xff1a; 第二十七条 任何单位和个人不得为达到破坏计算机信息系统安全的目的&#x…

Linux发行版新秀:基于Ubuntu、系统核心 “不可变”

Vanilla OS 是近期才公开发布的 Linux 发行版&#xff0c;基于 Ubuntu 构建&#xff0c;免费且开源&#xff0c;默认桌面环境是 GNOME。虽然 Vanilla OS 的底层是 Ubuntu&#xff0c;但它并不是简单地基于 Ubuntu 进行 "remix"&#xff0c;而且外观看起来也不像 Ubun…

FreeRTOS:列表和列表项

要想看懂 FreeRTOS 源码并学习其原理&#xff0c;有一个东西绝对跑不了&#xff0c;那就是 FreeRTOS 的列表和列表项。列表和列表项是FreeRTOS的一个数据结构&#xff0c; FreeRTOS 大量使用到了列表和列表项&#xff0c;它是 FreeRTOS 的基石。要想深入学习并理解 FreeRTOS&am…

【LeetCode】环形链表II+结论证明

题目链接&#xff1a;环形链表II 题目&#xff1a;给定一个链表的头节点 head &#xff0c;返回链表开始入环的第一个节点。 如果链表无环&#xff0c;则返回 null。 如果链表中有某个节点&#xff0c;可以通过连续跟踪 next 指针再次到达&#xff0c;则链表中存在环。 为了表…