文章目录
- DES简介
- Feistel
- DES算法流程
- Enciphering
- Key Schedule
- Deciphering
- The Cipher Function f(R, K)
- Triple DES算法
- OpenSSL接口
- S-box
- 实现
- 参考资料
DES简介
发布文档:FIPS 46-3, 1977
- block size: 8 bytes.
- Key Size: 8 bytes == 64 bits, 原本设计每隔7 bits保留一个校验位 (bit 8, 16, 64, 确保每个字节里有奇数个1),所以实际为56 bits,但校验位实际并没有用到。
- Feistel structure
DES算法没有被攻破,只是密钥太短,发布多年后已经很容易被暴力破解。
Feistel
DES的结构由Horst Feistel设计,因此也被称为Feistel network/structure/cipher,该结构也应用于很多其它密码算法。
特点:
- 轮数可以任意增加
- 轮函数f同时用于加解密
- 加解密都使用该结构,解密时只需要逆序使用子密钥
- 16 轮(round)运算
DES算法流程
Enciphering
第一步是Initial Permutation初始置换(简称IP)
初始置换,根据下面的bit索引重新排序,将输入分成左右(L, R)各32 bits。
/* Initial Permutation Table
* 64 bits --> 32 bit L + 32 bit R
*/
static const uint8_t IP[] = {
// L
58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4,
62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6,
64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8,
// R
57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1,
59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5,
63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7
};
之后进行16轮运算:
L' = R
R' = L ^ f(R, K)
Key Schedule
KS流程位于FIPS 46-3 附录1。
在轮运算中,用到了一个f函数,其中,48 bit长的子密钥参数K是依据key schedule function (KS)从子密钥中选择的:
K = KS(n, KEY)
n in [1, ..., 16]
KS也是16轮函数,每轮生成Feistel中对应的子密钥。
KS有两个置换选择矩阵(Permuted choice):
/*
* Permuted choice
* 64 bits --> 28 bits + 28 bits
*/
static const uint8_t pc1[56] = {
// C
57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9,
1, 58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18,
10, 2, 59, 51, 43, 35, 27,
19, 11, 3, 60, 52, 44, 36,
// D
63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15,
7, 62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22,
14, 6, 61, 53, 45, 37, 29,
21, 13, 5, 28, 20, 12, 4
};
/*
* Permuted choice 2
* 56 bits --> 48 bits subkey
*/
static const unsigned char pc2[48] = {
14, 17, 11, 24, 1, 5,
3, 28, 15, 6, 21, 10,
23, 19, 12, 4, 26, 8,
16, 7, 27, 20, 13, 2,
41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55,
30, 40, 51, 45, 33, 48,
44, 49, 39, 56, 34, 53,
46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32
};
static const unsigned char LeftShifts[16] = {
1, 1, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2,
1, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 1
};
PC1将原始64 bits Key过滤掉8个检验位,并分为C、D两个28 bits,通过将C、D左移并由PC2置换后得到轮函数的48 bit K参数。
以C2 D2为例
C2D2 = (C1 << 1) || (D1 << 1)
K1 = PC2(C1D1)
Deciphering
与加密一样,再走一遍Fetstel结构,但需要将子密钥逆序使用。
最后一步,针对IP进行逆置换(inverse of IP,IP-1),将第16轮的输出进行合并。
/* Inverse Initial Permutation Table */
static const uint8_t InverseIP[64] = {
40, 8, 48, 16, 56, 24, 64, 32,
39, 7, 47, 15, 55, 23, 63, 31,
38, 6, 46, 14, 54, 22, 62, 30,
37, 5, 45, 13, 53, 21, 61, 29,
36, 4, 44, 12, 52, 20, 60, 28,
35, 3, 43, 11, 51, 19, 59, 27,
34, 2, 42, 10, 50, 18, 58, 26,
33, 1, 41, 9, 49, 17, 57, 25
};
The Cipher Function f(R, K)
f(32 bit R, 48 bit K)
轮函数f组成如下:
- Extend function E(32 bits)->48 bits;
- 8 selection functions Sn(6 bits)–>4 bits;
- Permutation function P(32 bits)–>32 bits
E扩展函数其实就是把输入的32 bits按如下下标重新排列为48 bits:
/* Extend table for f(R, k)
*/
static const uint8_t E[] = {
32, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 1
};
选择函数,以S1表为例
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 14 | 4 | 13 | 1 | 2 | 15 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 10 | 6 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 7 |
1 | 0 | 15 | 7 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 13 | 1 | 10 | 6 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 8 |
2 | 4 | 1 | 14 | 8 | 13 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 5 | 0 |
3 | 15 | 12 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 11 | 3 | 14 | 10 | 0 | 6 | 13 |
比如,输入 011011 ,则取首尾比特01(1)为行,中间4比特1101(13)为列,输出为5(0101)。
其它S表位于FIPS 46-3 附录。有些资料也把它称作S-box。
P置换函数,与扩展函数类似,将输入重新排序:
static const uint8_t P[32] = {
16, 7, 20, 21,
29, 12, 28, 17,
1, 15, 23, 26,
5, 18, 31, 10,
2, 8, 24, 14,
32, 27, 3, 9,
19, 13, 30, 6,
22, 11, 4, 25
};
Triple DES算法
Triple DES (or TDES or TDEA or 3DES) ,
发布文档: SP 800-67 Rev1。
- 1999年,NIST将3-DES指定为过渡的加密标准。
- 3DES是将明文进行3次DES来加密。
- 采用IBM设计的EDE流程(Encryption - Decryption - Encryption)
- 需要3个DES密钥k1, k2, k3。
- 如果3个密钥都相同,则等价于DES;
- 如果
k1 == k3 != k2
,则称为EDE2,密钥长16 字节,但安全等级为90 bits; - 如果3个密钥都不同,则称为EDE3,密钥长24字节,安全等级112 bits。
安全等级的取值,参考了A Known-Plaintext Attack on Two-Key Triple Encryption这篇文章。
OpenSSL接口
旧接口
https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/DES_ecb_encrypt.html
EVP接口
https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/EVP_EncryptInit.html
https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/EVP_des_cbc.html
S-box
/* The S-Box tables */
static const uint8_t S[8][64] = {
{
/* S1 */
14, 4, 13, 1, 2, 15, 11, 8, 3, 10, 6, 12, 5, 9, 0, 7,
0, 15, 7, 4, 14, 2, 13, 1, 10, 6, 12, 11, 9, 5, 3, 8,
4, 1, 14, 8, 13, 6, 2, 11, 15, 12, 9, 7, 3, 10, 5, 0,
15, 12, 8, 2, 4, 9, 1, 7, 5, 11, 3, 14, 10, 0, 6, 13
},{
/* S2 */
15, 1, 8, 14, 6, 11, 3, 4, 9, 7, 2, 13, 12, 0, 5, 10,
3, 13, 4, 7, 15, 2, 8, 14, 12, 0, 1, 10, 6, 9, 11, 5,
0, 14, 7, 11, 10, 4, 13, 1, 5, 8, 12, 6, 9, 3, 2, 15,
13, 8, 10, 1, 3, 15, 4, 2, 11, 6, 7, 12, 0, 5, 14, 9
},{
/* S3 */
10, 0, 9, 14, 6, 3, 15, 5, 1, 13, 12, 7, 11, 4, 2, 8,
13, 7, 0, 9, 3, 4, 6, 10, 2, 8, 5, 14, 12, 11, 15, 1,
13, 6, 4, 9, 8, 15, 3, 0, 11, 1, 2, 12, 5, 10, 14, 7,
1, 10, 13, 0, 6, 9, 8, 7, 4, 15, 14, 3, 11, 5, 2, 12
},{
/* S4 */
7, 13, 14, 3, 0, 6, 9, 10, 1, 2, 8, 5, 11, 12, 4, 15,
13, 8, 11, 5, 6, 15, 0, 3, 4, 7, 2, 12, 1, 10, 14, 9,
10, 6, 9, 0, 12, 11, 7, 13, 15, 1, 3, 14, 5, 2, 8, 4,
3, 15, 0, 6, 10, 1, 13, 8, 9, 4, 5, 11, 12, 7, 2, 14
},{
/* S5 */
2, 12, 4, 1, 7, 10, 11, 6, 8, 5, 3, 15, 13, 0, 14, 9,
14, 11, 2, 12, 4, 7, 13, 1, 5, 0, 15, 10, 3, 9, 8, 6,
4, 2, 1, 11, 10, 13, 7, 8, 15, 9, 12, 5, 6, 3, 0, 14,
11, 8, 12, 7, 1, 14, 2, 13, 6, 15, 0, 9, 10, 4, 5, 3
},{
/* S6 */
12, 1, 10, 15, 9, 2, 6, 8, 0, 13, 3, 4, 14, 7, 5, 11,
10, 15, 4, 2, 7, 12, 9, 5, 6, 1, 13, 14, 0, 11, 3, 8,
9, 14, 15, 5, 2, 8, 12, 3, 7, 0, 4, 10, 1, 13, 11, 6,
4, 3, 2, 12, 9, 5, 15, 10, 11, 14, 1, 7, 6, 0, 8, 13
},{
/* S7 */
4, 11, 2, 14, 15, 0, 8, 13, 3, 12, 9, 7, 5, 10, 6, 1,
13, 0, 11, 7, 4, 9, 1, 10, 14, 3, 5, 12, 2, 15, 8, 6,
1, 4, 11, 13, 12, 3, 7, 14, 10, 15, 6, 8, 0, 5, 9, 2,
6, 11, 13, 8, 1, 4, 10, 7, 9, 5, 0, 15, 14, 2, 3, 12
},{
/* S8 */
13, 2, 8, 4, 6, 15, 11, 1, 10, 9, 3, 14, 5, 0, 12, 7,
1, 15, 13, 8, 10, 3, 7, 4, 12, 5, 6, 11, 0, 14, 9, 2,
7, 11, 4, 1, 9, 12, 14, 2, 0, 6, 10, 13, 15, 3, 5, 8,
2, 1, 14, 7, 4, 10, 8, 13, 15, 12, 9, 0, 3, 5, 6, 11
}
};
实现
https://github.com/C0deStarr/CryptoImp/tree/main/Cipher/BlockCipher
- des.h
- des.c
- des3.h
- des3.c
参考资料
FIPS 46-3, Data Encryption Standard (DES) | CSRC (nist.gov)
SP 800-67 Rev. 2, Recommendation for the TDEA Block Cipher | CSRC (nist.gov)
A Known-Plaintext Attack on Two-Key Triple Encryption