在前文《Linux路由三大件》中,我们提到了 iptables 可以修改数据包的特征从而影响其路由。这个功能无论是传统场景下的 防火墙,还是云原生场景下的 服务路由(k8s service)、网络策略(calico network policy) 等都有依赖。
虽然业界在积极地推进 ipvs、ebpf 等更新、更高效的技术落地,但是出于各种各样的原因(技术、成本、管理等),iptables 仍然有着非常广泛的使用 ,所以我们有必要了解 iptables 的方方面面。今天我们就来了解其中的重要一环:调试和追踪 iptables。更具体一点:一个数据包是怎么在 iptables 的各个 chain/table/rule 中游走的。
trace
我们知道,iptables 的 rule 最后是一个 target,这个 target 可以设置为 TRACE。这样,匹配这个 rule 的包经过的所有 chain/table/rule 都会被记录下来。
这个 rule 本身只能被放在 raw
表里,可以存在于 PREROUTING
和 OUTPUT
两个 chain 中。其匹配规则和其他一般的 rule 没有什么差别。
实践
我们采用一个 docker 场景来进行实践,如下图:
亦即宿主机的 10000 端口映射给了容器的 80 端口。图中有两种测试场景,分别是:
- 本节点访问容器 IP
- 跨节点访问宿主机 IP
为了让分析更直观/简单,我们用 telnet 测试即可(curl 会产生很多后续 http 包,不够简洁)。
OK,开始我们的测试!
首先在宿主机上开启 iptables log
# check first
# cat /proc/net/netfilter/nf_log
modprobe nf_log_ipv4
sysctl net.netfilter.nf_log.2=nf_log_ipv4
然后增加 trace 配置
# 访问容器 IP 使用
iptables -t raw -A OUTPUT -p tcp --destination 172.19.0.0/16 --dport 80 -j TRACE
# 访问节点 IP 使用
iptables -t raw -A PREROUTING -p tcp --destination 192.168.64.4 --dport 10000 -j TRACE
查看结果可以用这个命令:cat /var/log/messages | grep "TRACE:"
本节点访问:telnet 172.19.0.9 80
,结果:
fedora kernel: [ 2350.411619] TRACE: raw:OUTPUT:policy:2 IN= OUT=br-00ea7870520a SRC=172.19.0.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=60 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=11432 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=43256 DPT=80 SEQ=2316959420 ACK=0 WINDOW=64240 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B40402080AAF8EE4320000000001030307) UID=0 GID=0
fedora kernel: [ 2350.411634] TRACE: nat:OUTPUT:policy:2 IN= OUT=br-00ea7870520a SRC=172.19.0.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=60 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=11432 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=43256 DPT=80 SEQ=2316959420 ACK=0 WINDOW=64240 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B40402080AAF8EE4320000000001030307) UID=0 GID=0
fedora kernel: [ 2350.411639] TRACE: filter:OUTPUT:policy:1 IN= OUT=br-00ea7870520a SRC=172.19.0.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=60 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=11432 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=43256 DPT=80 SEQ=2316959420 ACK=0 WINDOW=64240 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B40402080AAF8EE4320000000001030307) UID=0 GID=0
fedora kernel: [ 2350.411644] TRACE: nat:POSTROUTING:policy:4 IN= OUT=br-00ea7870520a SRC=172.19.0.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=60 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=11432 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=43256 DPT=80 SEQ=2316959420 ACK=0 WINDOW=64240 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B40402080AAF8EE4320000000001030307) UID=0 GID=0
fedora kernel: [ 2350.411778] TRACE: raw:OUTPUT:policy:2 IN= OUT=br-00ea7870520a SRC=172.19.0.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=52 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=11433 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=43256 DPT=80 SEQ=2316959421 ACK=357062108 WINDOW=502 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 OPT (0101080AAF8EE4320C2ACEC2) UID=0 GID=0
fedora kernel: [ 2350.411784] TRACE: filter:OUTPUT:policy:1 IN= OUT=br-00ea7870520a SRC=172.19.0.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=52 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=11433 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=43256 DPT=80 SEQ=2316959421 ACK=357062108 WINDOW=502 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 OPT (0101080AAF8EE4320C2ACEC2) UID=0 GID=0
跨节点访问:telnet 192.168.64.4 10000
,结果:
fedora kernel: [ 2631.978281] TRACE: raw:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=enp0s1 OUT= MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=192.168.64.4 LEN=64 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=10000 SEQ=1184533180 ACK=0 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 CWR ECE SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B4010303060101080A6EF8750A0000000004020000)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.978585] TRACE: nat:PREROUTING:rule:1 IN=enp0s1 OUT= MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=192.168.64.4 LEN=64 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=10000 SEQ=1184533180 ACK=0 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 CWR ECE SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B4010303060101080A6EF8750A0000000004020000)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.979055] TRACE: nat:DOCKER:rule:3 IN=enp0s1 OUT= MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=192.168.64.4 LEN=64 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=10000 SEQ=1184533180 ACK=0 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 CWR ECE SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B4010303060101080A6EF8750A0000000004020000)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.979077] TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:1 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=64 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533180 ACK=0 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 CWR ECE SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B4010303060101080A6EF8750A0000000004020000)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.979585] TRACE: filter:DOCKER-USER:return:1 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=64 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533180 ACK=0 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 CWR ECE SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B4010303060101080A6EF8750A0000000004020000)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.979585] TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:2 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=64 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533180 ACK=0 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 CWR ECE SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B4010303060101080A6EF8750A0000000004020000)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.979585] TRACE: filter:DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1:return:3 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=64 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533180 ACK=0 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 CWR ECE SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B4010303060101080A6EF8750A0000000004020000)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.980070] TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:8 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=64 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533180 ACK=0 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 CWR ECE SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B4010303060101080A6EF8750A0000000004020000)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.980070] TRACE: filter:DOCKER:rule:1 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=64 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533180 ACK=0 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 CWR ECE SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B4010303060101080A6EF8750A0000000004020000)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.980070] TRACE: nat:POSTROUTING:policy:4 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=64 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533180 ACK=0 WINDOW=65535 RES=0x00 CWR ECE SYN URGP=0 OPT (020405B4010303060101080A6EF8750A0000000004020000)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.981288] TRACE: raw:PREROUTING:policy:2 IN=enp0s1 OUT= MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=192.168.64.4 LEN=52 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=10000 SEQ=1184533181 ACK=3245308350 WINDOW=2058 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 OPT (0101080A6EF8750D8E0CA28F)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.981299] TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:1 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=52 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533181 ACK=3245308350 WINDOW=2058 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 OPT (0101080A6EF8750D8E0CA28F)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.981304] TRACE: filter:DOCKER-USER:return:1 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=52 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533181 ACK=3245308350 WINDOW=2058 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 OPT (0101080A6EF8750D8E0CA28F)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.981308] TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:2 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=52 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533181 ACK=3245308350 WINDOW=2058 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 OPT (0101080A6EF8750D8E0CA28F)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.981312] TRACE: filter:DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1:return:3 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=52 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533181 ACK=3245308350 WINDOW=2058 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 OPT (0101080A6EF8750D8E0CA28F)
fedora kernel: [ 2631.981316] TRACE: filter:FORWARD:rule:7 IN=enp0s1 OUT=br-00ea7870520a MAC=fa:f3:dc:b4:4e:ef:3a:f9:d3:9e:aa:64:08:00 SRC=192.168.64.1 DST=172.19.0.9 LEN=52 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=0 PROTO=TCP SPT=52842 DPT=80 SEQ=1184533181 ACK=3245308350 WINDOW=2058 RES=0x00 ACK URGP=0 OPT (0101080A6EF8750D8E0CA28F)
对比这张图
以及宿主机节点上具体的规则(删除了 docker0 相关)
*raw
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [312:33617]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [335:24610]
-A PREROUTING -d 192.168.64.4/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 10000 -j TRACE
-A OUTPUT -d 172.19.0.0/16 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j TRACE
COMMIT
*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [4:903]
:INPUT ACCEPT [4:903]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [222:16027]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [224:16155]
:DOCKER - [0:0]
-A PREROUTING -m addrtype --dst-type LOCAL -j DOCKER
-A OUTPUT ! -d 127.0.0.0/8 -m addrtype --dst-type LOCAL -j DOCKER
-A POSTROUTING -s 172.19.0.0/16 ! -o br-00ea7870520a -j MASQUERADE
-A POSTROUTING -s 172.19.0.9/32 -d 172.19.0.9/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j MASQUERADE
-A DOCKER -i br-00ea7870520a -j RETURN
-A DOCKER ! -i br-00ea7870520a -p tcp -m tcp --dport 10000 -j DNAT --to-destination 172.19.0.9:80
COMMIT
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [308:34040]
:FORWARD DROP [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [351:26291]
:DOCKER - [0:0]
:DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1 - [0:0]
:DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2 - [0:0]
:DOCKER-USER - [0:0]
-A FORWARD -j DOCKER-USER
-A FORWARD -j DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1
-A FORWARD -o br-00ea7870520a -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -o br-00ea7870520a -j DOCKER
-A FORWARD -i br-00ea7870520a ! -o br-00ea7870520a -j ACCEPT
-A FORWARD -i br-00ea7870520a -o br-00ea7870520a -j ACCEPT
-A DOCKER -d 172.19.0.9/32 ! -i br-00ea7870520a -o br-00ea7870520a -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
-A DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1 -i br-00ea7870520a ! -o br-00ea7870520a -j DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2
-A DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1 -j RETURN
-A DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2 -o br-00ea7870520a -j DROP
-A DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2 -j RETURN
-A DOCKER-USER -j RETURN
COMMIT
分析内容可以知:
- 两个测试都是 TCP 三步握手的第一、三步的两个包,从包的 SEQ 字段可以验证,也可以用 iptables rule 的 pkts 字段的差异来进行验证
iptables -v -t raw -L PREROUTING --line-number
Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 239 packets, 24919 bytes)
num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
1 8 445 TRACE tcp -- any any anywhere fedora tcp dpt:ndmp
- 对于 TCP 链接,只有第一个包才会经过 nat,后续包属于
RELATED,ESTABLISHED
,直接放过,不需要重新 nat - 对于跨节点访问,第一个包首先来到
PREROUTING
链, 命中了 docker 添加的DNAT
规则:nat:DOCKER
(rule 3
),效果就是第三行到第四行DST
从192.168.64.4
变成了172.19.0.9
iptables -v -t nat -L DOCKER --line-number
Chain DOCKER (2 references)
num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
1 0 0 RETURN all -- docker0 any anywhere anywhere
2 0 0 RETURN all -- br-00ea7870520a any anywhere anywhere
3 2 128 DNAT tcp -- !br-00ea7870520a any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ndmp to:172.19.0.9:80
DNAT
后走到了 Forward
链, DOCKER-USER
和 DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1
都 return
了。最后通过 filter:FORWARD:rule:8
来到 filter:DOCKER
上,accept
将包送到了 docker bridge: br-00ea7870520a
上,从而送进了容器 172.19.0.9。当然,第二个包依然属于 RELATED,ESTABLISHED
,所以在 filter:FORWARD:rule:7
上直接 ACCEPT
,不需要再走 filter:DOCKER
了。
资料直通车:Linux内核源码技术学习路线+视频教程内核源码
学习直通车:Linux内核源码内存调优文件系统进程管理设备驱动/网络协议栈