1、Go语言并发之扇入和扇出
编程中经常遇到扇入和扇出两个概念，所谓的扇入是指将多路通道聚合到一条通道中处理，Go 语言最简单的扇入
就是使用 select 聚合多条通道服务；所谓的扇出是指将一条通道发散到多条通道中处理，在Go语言里面具体实
现就是使用go关键字启动多个 goroutine 并发处理。
中国有句经典的哲学名句叫分久必合，合久必分，软件的设计和开发也遵循同样的哲学思想，扇入就是合，扇出
就是分。当生产者的速度很慢时，需要使用扇入技术聚合多个生产者满足消费者，比如很耗时的加密/解密服务；
当消费者的速度很慢时，需要使用扇出技术，比如Web服务器并发请求处理。扇入和扇出是Go并发编程中常用的
技术。
1.1 单链工作模式
如果我们没有使用扇入扇出的流程，就是传统的单链工作模式。
package main
import "fmt"
func A(n int) <-chan string {
out := make(chan string)
go func() {
defer close(out)
for i := 1; i <= n; i++ {
out <- fmt.Sprint("节点A-", i)
}
}()
return out
}
func B(in <-chan string) <-chan string {
out := make(chan string)
go func() {
defer close(out)
for c := range in {
out <- "节点B" + c
}
}()
return out
}
func C(in <-chan string) <-chan string {
out := make(chan string)
go func() {
defer close(out)
for c := range in {
out <- "节点C" + c
}
}()
return out
}
func main() {
componentA := A(9)
componentB := B(componentA)
componentC := C(componentB)
for goods := range componentC {
fmt.Println(goods)
}
}
# 程序输出
节点C节点B节点A-1
节点C节点B节点A-2
节点C节点B节点A-3
节点C节点B节点A-4
节点C节点B节点A-5
节点C节点B节点A-6
节点C节点B节点A-7
节点C节点B节点A-8
节点C节点B节点A-9
1.2 扇入扇出模式
如果使用扇入扇出模式的话，我们在增加一个汇聚的功能函数就可以了。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
)
func A(n int) <-chan string {
out := make(chan string)
go func() {
defer close(out)
for i := 1; i <= n; i++ {
out <- fmt.Sprint("节点A-", i)
}
}()
return out
}
func B(in <-chan string) <-chan string {
out := make(chan string)
go func() {
defer close(out)
for c := range in {
out <- "节点B" + c
}
}()
return out
}
func C(in <-chan string) <-chan string {
out := make(chan string)
go func() {
defer close(out)
for c := range in {
out <- "节点C" + c
}
}()
return out
}
// 扇入的主要操作
func merge(ins ...<-chan string) <-chan string {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
out := make(chan string)
// 将一个channel中的数据发送到out当中
dispose := func(in <-chan string) {
defer wg.Done()
for c := range in {
out <- c
}
}
// 添加等待组的数量
wg.Add(len(ins))
// 扇入阶段,启动多个goroutine处理在channel当中的数据
for _, cs := range ins {
go dispose(cs)
}
// 等待所有的输入的数据ins处理完,再关闭输出的out
go func() {
wg.Wait()
close(out)
}()
return out
}
func main() {
componentA := A(9)
componentB1 := B(componentA)
componentB2 := B(componentA)
componentB3 := B(componentA)
// 汇聚三个进行扇入操作
mergeComponent := merge(componentB1, componentB2, componentB3)
// 扇出操作
componentC := C(mergeComponent)
for goods := range componentC {
fmt.Println(goods)
}
}
# 程序输出
节点C节点B节点A-2
节点C节点B节点A-3
节点C节点B节点A-1
节点C节点B节点A-5
节点C节点B节点A-7
节点C节点B节点A-4
节点C节点B节点A-6
节点C节点B节点A-8
节点C节点B节点A-9
1.3 扇入扇出法寻找素数
扇入扇出法，体现并发性能的，相信每个学golang的都应该听过扇入扇出法寻找素数，我们先来看看不使用扇入
扇出法的。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"time"
)
// 重复调用函数的生成器
var repeatFn = func(done <-chan interface{}, fn func() interface{}) <-chan interface{} {
valueStream := make(chan interface{})
go func() {
defer close(valueStream)
for {
select {
case <-done:
return
case valueStream <- fn():
}
}
}()
return valueStream
}
// 转为int的channel
var toInt = func(done <-chan interface{}, valueStream <-chan interface{}) <-chan int {
intStream := make(chan int)
go func() {
defer close(intStream)
for v := range valueStream {
select {
case <-done:
return
case intStream <- v.(int):
}
}
}()
return intStream
}
// 返回素数
var primeChanArr = func(done <-chan interface{}, intStream <-chan int) <-chan interface{} {
primeStream := make(chan interface{})
go func() {
defer close(primeStream)
// intStream一直会循环生成
for integer := range intStream {
integer -= 1
prime := true
for divisor := integer - 1; divisor > 1; divisor-- {
if integer%divisor == 0 {
prime = false
break
}
}
if prime {
select {
case <-done:
return
case primeStream <- integer:
}
}
}
}()
return primeStream
}
// 将另外一个channel的数据从全部倒腾出来
var take = func(done <-chan interface{}, valueStream <-chan interface{}, num int) <-chan interface{} {
takeStream := make(chan interface{})
go func() {
defer close(takeStream)
for i := 0; i < num; i++ {
select {
case <-done:
return
case takeStream <- <-valueStream:
}
}
}()
return takeStream
}
func main() {
// 返回一个随机数
randNum := func() interface{} {
return rand.Intn(50000000)
}
// 完成chan
done := make(chan interface{})
defer close(done)
start := time.Now()
// 生成整形数字
randIntStream := toInt(done, repeatFn(done, randNum))
// channel数组
fmt.Printf("Primes:\n")
// 取出10个素数
for prime := range take(done, primeChanArr(done, randIntStream), 10) {
fmt.Printf("%d\n", prime)
}
fmt.Printf("消耗时间：%v", time.Since(start))
}
# 程序输出
Primes:
24941317
36122539
6410693
10128161
25511527
2107939
14004383
7190363
45931967
2393161
消耗时间：22.3454984s
然后我们来使用扇入删除法。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"runtime"
"sync"
"time"
)
// 重复调用函数的生成器
var repeatFn = func(done <-chan interface{}, fn func() interface{}) <-chan interface{} {
valueStream := make(chan interface{})
go func() {
defer close(valueStream)
for {
select {
case <-done:
return
case valueStream <- fn():
}
}
}()
return valueStream
}
// 转为int的channel
var toInt = func(done <-chan interface{}, valueStream <-chan interface{}) <-chan int {
intStream := make(chan int)
go func() {
defer close(intStream)
for v := range valueStream {
select {
case <-done:
return
case intStream <- v.(int):
}
}
}()
return intStream
}
var primeChanArr = func(done <-chan interface{}, intStream <-chan int) <-chan interface{} {
primeStream := make(chan interface{})
go func() {
defer close(primeStream)
for integer := range intStream {
integer -= 1
prime := true
for divisor := integer - 1; divisor > 1; divisor-- {
if integer%divisor == 0 {
prime = false
break
}
}
if prime {
select {
case <-done:
return
case primeStream <- integer:
}
}
}
}()
return primeStream
}
// 将另外一个channel的数据从全部倒腾出来
var take = func(done <-chan interface{}, valueStream <-chan interface{}, num int) <-chan interface{} {
takeStream := make(chan interface{})
go func() {
defer close(takeStream)
for i := 0; i < num; i++ {
select {
case <-done:
return
case takeStream <- <-valueStream:
}
}
}()
return takeStream
}
var fanIn = func(done <-chan interface{}, channels ...<-chan interface{}) <-chan interface{} {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
multiplexedStream := make(chan interface{})
multiplex := func(c <-chan interface{}) {
defer wg.Done()
for i := range c {
select {
case <-done:
return
case multiplexedStream <- i:
}
}
}
wg.Add(len(channels))
for _, c := range channels {
go multiplex(c)
}
// 等待所有的读取的完成
go func() {
wg.Wait()
close(multiplexedStream)
}()
return multiplexedStream
}
func main() {
// 生成随机数
randNum := func() interface{} {
return rand.Intn(50000000)
}
// 完成chan
done := make(chan interface{})
defer close(done)
start := time.Now()
randIntStream := toInt(done, repeatFn(done, randNum))
cpuNumber := runtime.NumCPU()
fmt.Printf("find cpu is : %d\n", cpuNumber)
// channel数组
chanArray := make([]<-chan interface{}, cpuNumber)
fmt.Printf("Primes:\n")
for i := 0; i < cpuNumber; i++ {
chanArray[i] = primeChanArr(done, randIntStream)
}
for prime := range take(done, fanIn(done, chanArray...), 10) {
fmt.Println(prime)
}
fmt.Printf("消耗时间：%v", time.Since(start))
}
# 程序输出
find cpu is : 8
Primes:
6410693
24941317
10128161
36122539
25511527
2107939
14004383
7190363
2393161
45931967
消耗时间：4.3099368s
1.4 扇入扇出法模拟任务处理
package main
import (
"context"
"log"
"sync"
"time"
)
// Task包含任务编号及任务所需时长
type Task struct {
Number int
Cost time.Duration
}
// task channel生成器
func taskChannelGerenator(ctx context.Context, taskList []Task) <-chan Task {
taskCh := make(chan Task)
go func() {
defer close(taskCh)
for _, task := range taskList {
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
return
case taskCh <- task:
}
}
}()
return taskCh
}
// doTask处理并返回已处理的任务编号作为通道的函数
func doTask(ctx context.Context, taskCh <-chan Task) <-chan int {
doneTaskCh := make(chan int)
go func() {
defer close(doneTaskCh)
for task := range taskCh {
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
return
default:
log.Printf("do task number: %d\n", task.Number)
// task 任务处理
// 根据任务耗时休眠
time.Sleep(task.Cost)
// 已处理任务的编号放入通道
doneTaskCh <- task.Number
}
}
}()
return doneTaskCh
}
// fan-in意味着将多个数据流复用或合并成一个流
// merge函数接收参数传递的多个通道taskChs,并返回单个通道<-chan int
func merge(ctx context.Context, taskChs []<-chan int) <-chan int {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
mergedTaskCh := make(chan int)
mergeTask := func(taskCh <-chan int) {
defer wg.Done()
for t := range taskCh {
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
return
case mergedTaskCh <- t:
}
}
}
wg.Add(len(taskChs))
for _, taskCh := range taskChs {
go mergeTask(taskCh)
}
// 等待所有任务处理完毕
go func() {
wg.Wait()
close(mergedTaskCh)
}()
return mergedTaskCh
}
func main() {
start := time.Now()
// 使用context来防止goroutine泄漏，即使在处理过程中被中断
ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
defer cancel()
// taskList定义每个任务及其成本
taskList := []Task{
Task{1, 1 * time.Second},
Task{2, 7 * time.Second},
Task{3, 2 * time.Second},
Task{4, 3 * time.Second},
Task{5, 5 * time.Second},
Task{6, 3 * time.Second},
}
// taskChannelGerenator是一个函数,它接收一个taskList并将其转换为Task类型的通道
// 执行结果(int slice channel)存储在worker中
// 由于doTask的结果是一个通道,被分给了多个worker,这就对应了fan-out处理
taskCh := taskChannelGerenator(ctx, taskList)
numWorkers := 4
workers := make([]<-chan int, numWorkers)
for i := 0; i < numWorkers; i++ {
// doTask处理并返回已处理的任务编号作为通道的函数
workers[i] = doTask(ctx, taskCh)
}
count := 0
// merge从中读取已处理的任务编号
for d := range merge(ctx, workers) {
count++
log.Printf("done task number: %d\n", d)
}
log.Printf("Finished. Done %d tasks. Total time: %fs", count, time.Since(start).Seconds())
}
# 程序输出
2023/06/10 17:51:04 do task number: 1
2023/06/10 17:51:04 do task number: 4
2023/06/10 17:51:04 do task number: 3
2023/06/10 17:51:04 do task number: 2
2023/06/10 17:51:05 do task number: 5
2023/06/10 17:51:05 done task number: 1
2023/06/10 17:51:06 do task number: 6
2023/06/10 17:51:06 done task number: 3
2023/06/10 17:51:07 done task number: 4
2023/06/10 17:51:09 done task number: 6
2023/06/10 17:51:10 done task number: 5
2023/06/10 17:51:11 done task number: 2
2023/06/10 17:51:11 Finished. Done 6 tasks. Total time: 7.009781s
1.5 扇入扇出法模拟流水线工作
假如我们有个流水线共分三个步骤，分别是 job1、job2和job3。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func job1(count int) <-chan int {
outCh := make(chan int, 2)
go func() {
defer close(outCh)
for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Println("job1 finish:", 1)
outCh <- 1
}
}()
return outCh
}
func job2(inCh <-chan int) <-chan int {
outCh := make(chan int, 2)
go func() {
defer close(outCh)
for val := range inCh {
// 耗时2秒
time.Sleep(time.Second * 2)
val++
fmt.Println("job2 finish:", val)
outCh <- val
}
}()
return outCh
}
func job3(inCh <-chan int) <-chan int {
outCh := make(chan int, 2)
go func() {
defer close(outCh)
for val := range inCh {
val++
fmt.Println("job3 finish:", val)
outCh <- val
}
}()
return outCh
}
func main() {
t := time.Now()
firstResult := job1(10)
secondResult := job2(firstResult)
thirdResult := job3(secondResult)
for v := range thirdResult {
fmt.Println(v)
}
fmt.Println("all finish")
fmt.Println("duration:", time.Since(t).String())
}
# 程序输出
job1 finish: 1
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
all finish
duration: 21.0077945s
共计计算21秒，主要是因为 job2 中的耗时太久导致，现在我们的主要任务就是解决掉这个问题了。
这里只用了一个 job2 来处理 job1 的结果，如果我们能多开启几个 goroutine job2 并行处理会不会提升性能呢?
现在我们改进下代码，解决 job2 耗时的问题，需要注意一下，这里对ch的关闭也要作一下调整，由于启用了多个
job2 的 goroutine，所以在 job2 内部进行关闭了。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
"time"
)
func job1(count int) <-chan int {
outCh := make(chan int, 2)
go func() {
defer close(outCh)
for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Println("job1 finish:", 1)
outCh <- 1
}
}()
return outCh
}
func job2(inCh <-chan int) <-chan int {
outCh := make(chan int, 2)
go func() {
defer close(outCh)
for val := range inCh {
// 耗时2秒
time.Sleep(time.Second * 2)
val++
fmt.Println("job2 finish:", val)
outCh <- val
}
}()
return outCh
}
func job3(inCh <-chan int) <-chan int {
outCh := make(chan int, 2)
go func() {
defer close(outCh)
for val := range inCh {
val++
fmt.Println("job3 finish:", val)
outCh <- val
}
}()
return outCh
}
func merge(inCh ...<-chan int) <-chan int {
outCh := make(chan int, 2)
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for _, ch := range inCh {
wg.Add(1)
go func(wg *sync.WaitGroup, in <-chan int) {
defer wg.Done()
for val := range in {
outCh <- val
}
}(&wg, ch)
}
// 重要注意，wg.Wait() 一定要在goroutine里运行，否则会引起deadlock
go func() {
wg.Wait()
close(outCh)
}()
return outCh
}
func main() {
t := time.Now()
firstResult := job1(10)
// 拆分成三个job2，即3个goroutine （扇出）
secondResult1 := job2(firstResult)
secondResult2 := job2(firstResult)
secondResult3 := job2(firstResult)
// 合并结果(扇入)
secondResult := merge(secondResult1, secondResult2, secondResult3)
thirdResult := job3(secondResult)
for v := range thirdResult {
fmt.Println(v)
}
fmt.Println("all finish")
fmt.Println("duration:", time.Since(t).String())
}
# 程序输出
job1 finish: 1
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
job1 finish: 1
3
job2 finish: 2
job1 finish: 1
job3 finish: 3
3
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job1 finish: 1
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
job2 finish: 2
job3 finish: 3
3
all finish
duration: 12.0213193s
可以看到，性能提升了90%，由原来的22s减少到12s。上面代码中为了演示效果，使用的缓冲 chan 很小，如果调
大的话，性能更明显。
FAN-OUT模式：多个 goroutine 从同一个通道读取数据，直到该通道关闭。OUT 是一种张开的模式，所以又被称
为扇出，可以用来分发任务。
FAN-IN模式：1个 goroutine 从多个通道读取数据，直到这些通道关闭。IN 是一种收敛的模式，所以又被称为扇
入，用来收集处理的结果。
是不是很像扇子的状态，先展开(扇出)再全并(扇入)。
总结：在类似流水线这类的逻辑中，我们可以使用 FAN-IN 和 FAN-OUT 模式来提升程序性能。
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