glGetError()
OpenGL文档,可以查询函数出现的错误的对应原因。
默认情况下glGetError只会打印错误数字,如果你不去记忆的话会非常难以理解。通常我们会写一个助手函数来简便地打印出错误字符串以及错误检测函数调用的位置。
GLenum glCheckError_(const char *file, int line)
{
GLenum errorCode;
while ((errorCode = glGetError()) != GL_NO_ERROR)
{
std::string error;
switch (errorCode)
{
case GL_INVALID_ENUM: error = "INVALID_ENUM"; break;
case GL_INVALID_VALUE: error = "INVALID_VALUE"; break;
case GL_INVALID_OPERATION: error = "INVALID_OPERATION"; break;
case GL_STACK_OVERFLOW: error = "STACK_OVERFLOW"; break;
case GL_STACK_UNDERFLOW: error = "STACK_UNDERFLOW"; break;
case GL_OUT_OF_MEMORY: error = "OUT_OF_MEMORY"; break;
case GL_INVALID_FRAMEBUFFER_OPERATION: error = "INVALID_FRAMEBUFFER_OPERATION"; break;
}
std::cout << error << " | " << file << " (" << line << ")" << std::endl;
}
return errorCode;
}
#define glCheckError() glCheckError_(__FILE__, __LINE__)
防止你不知道__FILE__和__LINE__这两个预处理指令(Preprocessor Directive)是什么,它们会在编译的时候被替换成编译时对应的文件与行号。如果我们坚持在代码中使用大量glGetError的调用,这就会让我们更加准确地知道哪个glGetError调用返回了错误(译注:记得glGetError显示的错误会发生在该次调用与上次调用之间,如果间隔太大的话需要检查的地方就太多了)。
调试输出
GLFW中的调试输出
在GLFW中请求一个调试输出非常简单,我们只需要传递一个提醒到GLFW中,告诉它我们需要一个调试输出上下文即可。我们需要在调用glfwCreateWindow之前完成这一请求。
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_DEBUG_CONTEXT, GL_TRUE);
GLint flags;
glGetIntegerv(GL_CONTEXT_FLAGS, &flags);
if (flags & GL_CONTEXT_FLAG_DEBUG_BIT) {
std::cout << "启用调试上下文成功" << std::endl;
glEnable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT);
glEnable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SYNCHRONOUS);
glDebugMessageCallback(glDebugOutput, nullptr);
glDebugMessageControl(GL_DONT_CARE, GL_DONT_CARE, GL_DONT_CARE, 0, nullptr, GL_TRUE);
}
void APIENTRY glDebugOutput(GLenum source,
GLenum type,
GLuint id,
GLenum severity,
GLsizei length,
const GLchar *message,
void *userParam)
{
// 忽略一些不重要的错误/警告代码
if(id == 131169 || id == 131185 || id == 131218 || id == 131204) return;
std::cout << "---------------" << std::endl;
std::cout << "Debug message (" << id << "): " << message << std::endl;
switch (source)
{
case GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_API: std::cout << "Source: API"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_WINDOW_SYSTEM: std::cout << "Source: Window System"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_SHADER_COMPILER: std::cout << "Source: Shader Compiler"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_THIRD_PARTY: std::cout << "Source: Third Party"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_APPLICATION: std::cout << "Source: Application"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_SOURCE_OTHER: std::cout << "Source: Other"; break;
} std::cout << std::endl;
switch (type)
{
case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_ERROR: std::cout << "Type: Error"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_DEPRECATED_BEHAVIOR: std::cout << "Type: Deprecated Behaviour"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_UNDEFINED_BEHAVIOR: std::cout << "Type: Undefined Behaviour"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_PORTABILITY: std::cout << "Type: Portability"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_PERFORMANCE: std::cout << "Type: Performance"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_MARKER: std::cout << "Type: Marker"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_PUSH_GROUP: std::cout << "Type: Push Group"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_POP_GROUP: std::cout << "Type: Pop Group"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_TYPE_OTHER: std::cout << "Type: Other"; break;
} std::cout << std::endl;
switch (severity)
{
case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_HIGH: std::cout << "Severity: high"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_MEDIUM: std::cout << "Severity: medium"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_LOW: std::cout << "Severity: low"; break;
case GL_DEBUG_SEVERITY_NOTIFICATION: std::cout << "Severity: notification"; break;
} std::cout << std::endl;
std::cout << std::endl;
}
过滤调试输出
回溯调试错误源
自定义错误输出
调试着色器输出
OpenGL GLSL参考编译器
官方的标准使用OpenGL的GLSL参考编译器(Reference Compiler)来检查。你可以从这里下载所谓的GLSL语言校验器(GLSL Lang Validator)的可执行版本。
注意如果没有检测到错误的话则没有输出。它不会显示AMD,NVidia,以及Intel的GLSL编译器之间的细微差别,也不能保证你的着色器完全没有Bug,但它至少能够帮你对着直接的GLSL规范进行检查。
使用到的cmd命令如下:
- 切换到D盘 d:
- 转到某地址目录下 cd /d 地址
帧缓冲输出
着色器:
// 顶点着色器
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec2 position;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 texCoords;
out vec2 TexCoords;
void main()
{
gl_Position = vec4(position, 0.0f, 1.0f);
TexCoords = texCoords;
}
// 片段着色器
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec2 TexCoords;
uniform sampler2D fboAttachment;
void main()
{
FragColor = texture(fboAttachment, TexCoords);
}
主程序:
void DisplayFramebufferTexture(GLuint textureID)
{
if(!notInitialized)
{
// 在屏幕右上角,使用NDC顶点坐标初始化着色器和VAO
[...]
}
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glUseProgram(shaderDisplayFBOOutput);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
glBindVertexArray(vaoDebugTexturedRect);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
glBindVertexArray(0);
glUseProgram(0);
}
int main()
{
[...]
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
[...]
DisplayFramebufferTexture(fboAttachment0);
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
}
}
外部调试软件
- gDebugger
- RenderDoc
- CodeXL
- NVIDIA Nsight
黑屏原因
调试输出