Excel导出这里不讲，方法很多，原生的POI可以参照 Java原生POI实现的Excel导入导出（简单易懂）
这里只说怎么给Excel每一列设置不同的样式，比如下面这样的

直接上代码

@Override
    public void exportTemplate(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
        try (Workbook wb = new SXSSFWorkbook(1000)) {
            // 构建一个导出页
            Sheet sheet = wb.createSheet("用户信息表");
            CellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();
            style.setAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.CENTER);
            style.setVerticalAlignment(VerticalAlignment.CENTER);
            style.setBorderBottom(BorderStyle.THIN);
            style.setBorderLeft(BorderStyle.THIN);
            style.setBorderTop(BorderStyle.THIN);
            style.setBorderRight(BorderStyle.THIN);
            style.setWrapText(true);// 自动换行
            Font font = wb.createFont();
            font.setFontName("宋体");
            font.setFontHeightInPoints((short) 11);
            style.setFont(font);
            DataFormat format = wb.createDataFormat();
            style.setDataFormat(format.getFormat("@")); // 设置为文本格式
            sheet.setDefaultRowHeight((short) 500);

            // 构建excel抬头
            Row row0 = sheet.createRow((int) 0); // 第一行
            Cell cell0_0 = row0.createCell(0);
            cell0_0.setCellValue("序号");
            cell0_0.setCellStyle(style);
            sheet.setColumnWidth(0, 15 * 256);// 列宽
            sheet.setDefaultColumnStyle(0, style);

            Cell cell0_1 = row0.createCell(1);
            cell0_1.setCellValue("姓名");
            cell0_1.setCellStyle(style);
            sheet.setColumnWidth(1, 15 * 256);// 列宽
            sheet.setDefaultColumnStyle(1, style);

            Cell cell0_2 = row0.createCell(2);
            cell0_2.setCellValue("国家标识码");
            cell0_2.setCellStyle(style);
            sheet.setColumnWidth(2, 15 * 256);// 列宽
            sheet.setDefaultColumnStyle(2, style);

            Cell cell0_3 = row0.createCell(3);
            cell0_3.setCellValue("手机号");
            cell0_3.setCellStyle(style);
            sheet.setColumnWidth(3, 15 * 256);// 列宽
            sheet.setDefaultColumnStyle(3, style);

            Cell cell0_4 = row0.createCell(4);
            cell0_4.setCellValue("身份证号");
            cell0_4.setCellStyle(style);
            sheet.setColumnWidth(4, 20 * 256);// 列宽
            sheet.setDefaultColumnStyle(4, style);

            Cell cell0_5 = row0.createCell(5);
            cell0_5.setCellValue("部门名称（选填）");
            cell0_5.setCellStyle(style);
            sheet.setColumnWidth(5, 20 * 256);// 列宽
            sheet.setDefaultColumnStyle(5, style);

            Cell cell0_6 = row0.createCell(6);
            cell0_6.setCellValue("职位（选填，多个用英文/分隔）");
            cell0_6.setCellStyle(style);
            sheet.setColumnWidth(6, 35 * 256);// 列宽
            sheet.setDefaultColumnStyle(6, style);

            // 构建示例
            Row row1 = sheet.createRow((int) 1); // 第二行
            CellStyle style1 = wb.createCellStyle();
            style1.setAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.CENTER);
            style1.setVerticalAlignment(VerticalAlignment.CENTER);
            style1.setBorderBottom(BorderStyle.THIN);
            style1.setBorderLeft(BorderStyle.THIN);
            style1.setBorderTop(BorderStyle.THIN);
            style1.setBorderRight(BorderStyle.THIN);
            style1.setWrapText(true);// 自动换行
            style1.setFont(font);
            DataFormat format1 = wb.createDataFormat();
            style1.setDataFormat(format1.getFormat("@")); // 设置为文本格式
            style1.setFillForegroundColor((short) 13);// 设置背景色
            style1.setFillPattern(FillPatternType.SOLID_FOREGROUND);

            Cell cell1_0 = row1.createCell(0);
            cell1_0.setCellValue("示例（保留）");
            cell1_0.setCellStyle(style1);

            Cell cell1_1 = row1.createCell(1);
            cell1_1.setCellValue("张三");
            cell1_1.setCellStyle(style1);

            Cell cell1_2 = row1.createCell(2);
            cell1_2.setCellValue("+86");
            cell1_2.setCellStyle(style1);

            Cell cell1_3 = row1.createCell(3);
            cell1_3.setCellValue("13700002222");
            cell1_3.setCellStyle(style1);

            Cell cell1_4 = row1.createCell(4);
            cell1_4.setCellValue("452186200001010001");
            cell1_4.setCellStyle(style1);

            Cell cell1_5 = row1.createCell(5);
            cell1_5.setCellValue("技术部");
            cell1_5.setCellStyle(style1);

            Cell cell1_6 = row1.createCell(6);
            cell1_6.setCellValue("科室主任/细胞生物学家/博士生导师");
            cell1_6.setCellStyle(style1);

            // 构建第二列
            Row row2 = sheet.createRow((int) 2); // 第一行
            Cell cell2_0 = row2.createCell(0);
            cell2_0.setCellValue("1");
            cell2_0.setCellStyle(style);

            Cell cell2_1 = row2.createCell(1);
            cell2_1.setCellValue("");
            cell2_1.setCellStyle(style);

            Cell cell2_2 = row2.createCell(2);
            cell2_2.setCellValue("");
            cell2_2.setCellStyle(style);

            Cell cell2_3 = row2.createCell(3);
            cell2_3.setCellValue("");
            cell2_3.setCellStyle(style);

            Cell cell2_4 = row2.createCell(4);
            cell2_4.setCellValue("");
            cell2_4.setCellStyle(style);

            Cell cell2_5 = row2.createCell(5);
            cell2_5.setCellValue("");
            cell2_5.setCellStyle(style);

            Cell cell2_6 = row2.createCell(6);
            cell2_6.setCellValue("");
            cell2_6.setCellStyle(style);


            String fileName = "用户信息表.xlsx";
            if (request.getHeader("User-Agent").toLowerCase().indexOf("firefox") > 0) {
                fileName = new String(fileName.getBytes("UTF-8"), "ISO8859-1"); // firefox浏览器
            } else if (request.getHeader("User-Agent").toUpperCase().indexOf("MSIE") > 0) {
                fileName = URLEncoder.encode(fileName, "UTF-8");// IE浏览器
            } else if (request.getHeader("User-Agent").toUpperCase().indexOf("CHROME") > 0) {
                fileName = new String(fileName.getBytes("UTF-8"), "ISO8859-1");// 谷歌
            }
            response.reset();
            response.setContentType("application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet");  
            response.setHeader("Content-Disposition", "attachment; filename=" + fileName);
            wb.write(response.getOutputStream());
            response.getOutputStream().close();
        }
    }