一、ioctl操作实现
ioctl
(Input/Output Control)是一个在 Unix-like 操作系统中的系统调用,用于控制设备或文件的各种操作。它允许用户空间程序与内核空间进行交互,执行一些特定的设备控制、状态查询或其他操作,而不必读写设备文件本身。
已知成员的地址获得所在结构体变量的地址:container_of(成员地址,结构体类型名,成员在结构体中的名称)
long xxx_ioctl (struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg);
功能:对相应设备做指定的控制操作(各种属性的设置获取等等)
参数:
filp:指向open产生的struct file类型的对象,表示本次ioctl对应的那次open
cmd:用来表示做的是哪一个操作
arg:和cmd配合用的参数
返回值:成功为0,失败-1
cmd组成
- dir(direction),ioctl 命令访问模式(属性数据传输方向),占据 2 bit,可以为 _IOC_NONE、_IOC_READ、_IOC_WRITE、_IOC_READ | _IOC_WRITE,分别指示了四种访问模式:无数据、读数据、写数据、读写数据;
- type(device type),设备类型,占据 8 bit,在一些文献中翻译为 “幻数” 或者 “魔数”,可以为任意 char 型字符,例如
‘a’、’b’、’c’ 等等,其主要作用是使 ioctl 命令有唯一的设备标识; - nr(number),命令编号/序数,占据 8 bit,可以为任意 unsigned char 型数据,取值范围 0~255,如果定义了多个 ioctl 命令,通常从 0 开始编号递增;
- size,涉及到 ioctl 函数 第三个参数 arg ,占据 13bit 或者 14bit(体系相关,arm 架构一般为 14 位),指定了 arg 的数据类型及长度,如果在驱动的 ioctl 实现中不检查,通常可以忽略该参数;
#define _IOC(dir,type,nr,size) (((dir)<<_IOC_DIRSHIFT)| \
((type)<<_IOC_TYPESHIFT)| \
((nr)<<_IOC_NRSHIFT)| \
((size)<<_IOC_SIZESHIFT))
/* used to create numbers */
// 定义不带参数的 ioctl 命令
#define _IO(type,nr) _IOC(_IOC_NONE,(type),(nr),0)
//定义带读参数的ioctl命令(copy_to_user) size为类型名
#define _IOR(type,nr,size) _IOC(_IOC_READ,(type),(nr),(_IOC_TYPECHECK(size)))
//定义带写参数的 ioctl 命令(copy_from_user) size为类型名
#define _IOW(type,nr,size) _IOC(_IOC_WRITE,(type),(nr),(_IOC_TYPECHECK(size)))
//定义带读写参数的 ioctl 命令 size为类型名
#define _IOWR(type,nr,size) _IOC(_IOC_READ|_IOC_WRITE,(type),(nr),(_IOC_TYPECHECK(size)))
/* used to decode ioctl numbers */
#define _IOC_DIR(nr) (((nr) >> _IOC_DIRSHIFT) & _IOC_DIRMASK)
#define _IOC_TYPE(nr) (((nr) >> _IOC_TYPESHIFT) & _IOC_TYPEMASK)
#define _IOC_NR(nr) (((nr) >> _IOC_NRSHIFT) & _IOC_NRMASK)
#define _IOC_SIZE(nr) (((nr) >> _IOC_SIZESHIFT) & _IOC_SIZEMASK)
示例:
mychar.h
#ifndef MY_CHAR_H
#define MY_CHAR_H
#include <asm/ioctl.h>
#define MY_CHAR_MAGIC 'c'
#define MYCHAR_IOCTL_GET_MAXLEN _IOR(MY_CHAR_MAGIC, 1, int *)
#define MYCHAR_IOCTL_GET_CURLEN _IOR(MY_CHAR_MAGIC, 2, int *)
#endif
mychar.c
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/wait.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/ioctl.h>
#include "mychar.h"
#define BUF_LEN 100
int major = 11; //主设备号
int minor = 0; //次设备号
int char_num = 1; //设备号数量
struct mychar_dev
{
struct cdev mydev;
char mydev_buf[BUF_LEN];
int curlen;
};
struct mychar_dev gmydev;
int mychar_open (struct inode *pnode, struct file *pfile)//打开设备
{
pfile->private_data = (void *) (container_of(pnode->i_cdev, struct mychar_dev, mydev));
printk("open\n");
return 0;
}
int mychar_close(struct inode *pnode, struct file *pfile)//关闭设备
{
printk("close\n");
return 0;
}
ssize_t mychar_read (struct file *pfile, char __user *puser, size_t count, loff_t *p_pos) {
struct mychar_dev *pmydev = (struct mychar_dev *)pfile->private_data;
int size = 0;
int ret = 0;
// 确定要读取的数据长度,如果请求大于设备当前数据长度,则读取全部可用数据
if (count > pmydev->curlen) {
size = pmydev->curlen;
}
else {
size = count;
}
// 将设备数据复制到用户空间缓冲区
ret = copy_to_user(puser, pmydev->mydev_buf, size);
if(ret) {
printk("copy_to_user failed\n");
return -1;
}
// 移动设备内部缓冲区,去除已读取的数据
memcpy(pmydev->mydev_buf, pmydev->mydev_buf + size, pmydev->curlen - size);
pmydev->curlen -= size;
// 返回实际读取的字节数
return size;
}
ssize_t mychar_write (struct file *pfile, const char __user *puser, size_t count, loff_t *p_pos) {
struct mychar_dev *pmydev = (struct mychar_dev *)pfile->private_data;
int size = 0;
int ret = 0;
// 确定要写入的数据长度,如果请求大于设备缓冲区剩余空间,则写入剩余空间大小
if (count > BUF_LEN - pmydev->curlen) {
size = BUF_LEN - pmydev->curlen;
}
else {
size = count;
}
// 从用户空间复制数据到设备缓冲区
ret = copy_from_user(pmydev->mydev_buf + pmydev->curlen, puser, size);
if(ret) {
printk("copy_from_user failed\n");
return -1;
}
// 更新设备缓冲区中的数据长度
pmydev->curlen += size;
// 返回实际写入的字节数
return size;
}
long mychar_ioctl(struct file *pfile, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
struct mychar_dev *pmydev = (struct mychar_dev *)pfile->private_data;
int __user *pret = (int *)arg;
int maxlen = BUF_LEN;
int ret = 0;
switch(cmd) {
case MYCHAR_IOCTL_GET_MAXLEN:
ret = copy_to_user(pret, &maxlen, sizeof(int));
if(ret) {
printk("copy_from_user failed\n");
return -1;
}
break;
case MYCHAR_IOCTL_GET_CURLEN:
ret = copy_to_user(pret, &pmydev->curlen, sizeof(int));
if(ret) {
printk("copy_from_user failed\n");
return -1;
}
break;
default:
printk("The is a know\n");
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
struct file_operations myops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = mychar_open,
.read = mychar_read,
.write = mychar_write,
};
int __init mychar_init(void)
{
int ret = 0;
dev_t devno = MKDEV(major, minor);
/* 手动申请设备号 */
ret = register_chrdev_region(devno, char_num, "mychar");
if (ret) {
/* 动态申请设备号 */
ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&devno, minor, char_num, "mychar");
if(ret){
printk("get devno failed\n");
return -1;
}
/*申请成功 更新设备号*/
major = MAJOR(devno);
}
/* 给struct cdev对象指定操作函数集 */
cdev_init(&gmydev.mydev, &myops);
/* 将struct cdev对象添加到内核对应的数据结构中 */
gmydev.mydev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
cdev_add(&gmydev.mydev, devno, char_num);
return 0;
}
void __exit mychar_exit(void)
{
dev_t devno = MKDEV(major, minor);
printk("exit %d\n", devno);
/* 从内核中移除一个字符设备 */
cdev_del(&gmydev.mydev);
/* 回收设备号 */
unregister_chrdev_region(devno, char_num);
}
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_init(mychar_init);
module_exit(mychar_exit);
testmychar_app.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include "mychar.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int fd = -1;
char buf[32] = "";
int max = 0;
int cur = 0;
if(argc < 2) {
printf("The argument is too few\n");
return -1;
}
fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR);
if(fd < 0) {
perror("open");
return -1;
}
ioctl(fd, MYCHAR_IOCTL_GET_MAXLEN, &max);
printf("max len is %d\n", max);
write(fd, "hello", 6);
ioctl(fd, MYCHAR_IOCTL_GET_CURLEN, &cur);
read(fd, buf, 32);
printf("cur len is %d\n", cur);
printf("buf = %s\n", buf);
close(fd);
fd = -1;
return 0;
}
运行结果:
二、printk
//日志级别
#define KERN_EMERG "<0>" /* system is unusable */
#define KERN_ALERT "<1>" /* action must be taken immediately */
#define KERN_CRIT "<2>" /* critical conditions */
#define KERN_ERR "<3>" /* error conditions */
#define KERN_WARNING "<4>" /* warning conditions */
#define KERN_NOTICE "<5>" /* normal but significant condition */
#define KERN_INFO "<6>" /* informational */
#define KERN_DEBUG "<7>" /* debug-level messages */
用法:printk(KERN_INFO"....",....)
printk(KERN_INFO"Hello World"); =====> printk("<6>""Hello World") ====> printk("<6>Hello World")
dmesg --level=emerg,alert,crit,err,warn,notice,info,debug
#define HELLO_DEBUG
#undef PDEBUG
#ifdef HELLO_DEBUG
#define PDEBUG(fmt, args...) printk(KERN_DEBUG fmt, ##args)
#else
#define PDEBUG(fmt, args...)
#endif
三、多个次设备的支持
每一个具体设备(次设备不一样的设备),必须有一个struct cdev来代表它
cdev_init
cdev.owner赋值
cdev_add
以上三个操作对每个具体设备都要进行
示例:
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/ioctl.h>
#include "mychar.h"
#define BUF_LEN 100
#define MYCHAR_DEV_CNT 3
int major = 11; //主设备号
int minor = 0; //次设备号
int char_num = MYCHAR_DEV_CNT; //设备号数量
struct mychar_dev
{
struct cdev mydev;
char mydev_buf[BUF_LEN];
int curlen;
};
struct mychar_dev gmydev[MYCHAR_DEV_CNT];
int mychar_open (struct inode *pnode, struct file *pfile)//打开设备
{
pfile->private_data = (void *) (container_of(pnode->i_cdev, struct mychar_dev, mydev));
printk("open\n");
return 0;
}
int mychar_close(struct inode *pnode, struct file *pfile)//关闭设备
{
printk("close\n");
return 0;
}
ssize_t mychar_read (struct file *pfile, char __user *puser, size_t count, loff_t *p_pos) {
struct mychar_dev *pmydev = (struct mychar_dev *)pfile->private_data;
int size = 0;
int ret = 0;
// 确定要读取的数据长度,如果请求大于设备当前数据长度,则读取全部可用数据
if (count > pmydev->curlen) {
size = pmydev->curlen;
}
else {
size = count;
}
// 将设备数据复制到用户空间缓冲区
ret = copy_to_user(puser, pmydev->mydev_buf, size);
if(ret) {
printk("copy_to_user failed\n");
return -1;
}
// 移动设备内部缓冲区,去除已读取的数据
memcpy(pmydev->mydev_buf, pmydev->mydev_buf + size, pmydev->curlen - size);
pmydev->curlen -= size;
// 返回实际读取的字节数
return size;
}
ssize_t mychar_write (struct file *pfile, const char __user *puser, size_t count, loff_t *p_pos) {
struct mychar_dev *pmydev = (struct mychar_dev *)pfile->private_data;
int size = 0;
int ret = 0;
// 确定要写入的数据长度,如果请求大于设备缓冲区剩余空间,则写入剩余空间大小
if (count > BUF_LEN - pmydev->curlen) {
size = BUF_LEN - pmydev->curlen;
}
else {
size = count;
}
// 从用户空间复制数据到设备缓冲区
ret = copy_from_user(pmydev->mydev_buf + pmydev->curlen, puser, size);
if(ret) {
printk("copy_from_user failed\n");
return -1;
}
// 更新设备缓冲区中的数据长度
pmydev->curlen += size;
// 返回实际写入的字节数
return size;
}
long mychar_ioctl(struct file *pfile, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
struct mychar_dev *pmydev = (struct mychar_dev *)pfile->private_data;
int __user *pret = (int *)arg;
int maxlen = BUF_LEN;
int ret = 0;
switch(cmd) {
case MYCHAR_IOCTL_GET_MAXLEN:
ret = copy_to_user(pret, &maxlen, sizeof(int));
if(ret) {
printk("copy_from_user failed\n");
return -1;
}
break;
case MYCHAR_IOCTL_GET_CURLEN:
ret = copy_to_user(pret, &pmydev->curlen, sizeof(int));
if(ret) {
printk("copy_from_user failed\n");
return -1;
}
break;
default:
printk("The is a know\n");
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
struct file_operations myops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = mychar_open,
.read = mychar_read,
.write = mychar_write,
.unlocked_ioctl = mychar_ioctl,
};
int __init mychar_init(void)
{
int ret = 0;
int i;
dev_t devno = MKDEV(major, minor);
/* 手动申请设备号 */
ret = register_chrdev_region(devno, char_num, "mychar");
if (ret) {
/* 动态申请设备号 */
ret = alloc_chrdev_region(&devno, minor, char_num, "mychar");
if(ret){
printk("get devno failed\n");
return -1;
}
/*申请成功 更新设备号*/
major = MAJOR(devno);
}
for(i = 0; i < MYCHAR_DEV_CNT; i++) {
devno = MKDEV(major, minor + i);
cdev_init(&gmydev[i].mydev, &myops);
gmydev[i].mydev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
cdev_add(&gmydev[i].mydev, devno, 1);
}
return 0;
}
void __exit mychar_exit(void)
{
int i;
dev_t devno = MKDEV(major, minor);
printk("exit %d\n", devno);
for(i = 0; i < MYCHAR_DEV_CNT; i++) {
/* 从内核中移除一个字符设备 */
cdev_del(&gmydev[i].mydev);
}
/* 回收设备号 */
unregister_chrdev_region(devno, char_num);
}
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_init(mychar_init);
module_exit(mychar_exit);