基于Jenkins自动打包并部署Tomcat环境
传统网站部署的流程
在运维过程中，网站部署是运维的工作之一。传统的网站部署的流程大致分为:需求分 析-->原型设计-->开发代码-->提交代码-->内网部署-->内网测试-->确认上线-->备份数据-->外网更新-->外网测试-->发布完成。如果在内网测试时发现代码有异常，返回代码开发人员名字,调整代码；如果在外网测试时发现外网部署的代码有异常，可以及时进行网站回滚。
传统代码上线的过程
开发人员发起代码上线的需求（邮件中包含开发做好的WAR包）-->运维人员连接线上负载调度器（Nginx）--> 隔离一组服务器（Tomcat）--> 连接服务器（Tomcat）--> 备份旧代码（tar打包）--> 删除旧代码目录 --> 上传新的WAR包 --> 外网测试 --> 测试不通过则通过备份回滚代码 --> 测试通过则利用rsync的脚本推送代码到其他服务器--> 统一外网测试 -->连接调度器恢复隔离机制 --> 隔离另一组服务器实施上线步骤 --> 上线完成。
目前主流网站部署的流程
目前主流网站部署方法：通过 Hudson/Jenkins 工具平台实现全自动部署+测试，是一个可扩展的持续集成引擎，属于开源软件项目，旨在提供一个开放易用的软件平台，使软件的持续集成变成可能。Jenkins 非常易于安装和配置，简单易用。
- 开发人员：写好代码，不需要自己进行源码编译、打包等工作，直接将代码分支存放在 SVN、Git 仓库即可。
- 运维人员：减轻人工干预的错误率，同时解放运维人员繁杂的上传代码、手动备份、更新等操作。
- 测试人员：可以通过 Jenkins 进行简单的代码及网站测试。
Jenkins 的工作原理是先将源代码从 SVN/Git 版本控制系统中拷贝一份到本地，然后根据设置的脚本调用Maven进行 build（构建）。整个系统的关键就是 build 脚本，build 脚本告诉Jenkins 在一次集成中需要执行的任务。
所需工具提取链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1N_HvY1WExW6yycI3udbnFw?pwd=02yi
提取码：02yi
实验环境
| 操作系统 | IP地址 | 主机名 | 角色 |
| CentOS7.5 | 192.168.2.121 | git | git服务器 |
| CentOS7.5 | 192.168.2.122 | Jenkins git客户端 | jenkins服务器 |
| CentOS7.5 | 192.168.2.123 | tomcat | web服务器 |
所有主机关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@localhost ~]# iptables -F
[root@localhost ~]# setenforce 01、配置git主机
# rpm安装安装依赖关系：6和7都安
[root@localhost ~]# hostname gitclient
[root@localhost ~]# bash
[root@gitclient ~]#
[root@gitclient ~]# yum -y install curl-devel expat-devel gettext-devel openssl-devel zlib-devel# 编译安装—服务端和客户端，访问https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/下载所需要的版本
[root@gitclient ~]# tar xf git-2.22.0.tar.gz -C /usr/src/
[root@gitclient ~]# cd /usr/src/git-2.22.0/
[root@gitclient git-2.22.0]# make configure
[root@git git-2.22.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/git && make && make install
[root@gitclient git-2.22.0]# ln -sf /usr/local/git/bin/git /usr/bin/
[root@gitclient git-2.22.0]# git --version
git version 2.22.0
[root@gitclient git-2.22.0]# cd
[root@gitclient ~]# useradd git
[root@gitclient ~]# echo "123456" | passwd --stdin git
更改用户 git 的密码 。
passwd：所有的身份验证令牌已经成功更新。
创建本地仓库probe
[root@git ~]# su - git
[git@gitclient ~]$ mkdir probe.git
[git@gitclient ~]$ cd probe.git/
[git@gitclient probe.git]$ git --bare init
已初始化空的 Git 仓库于 /home/git/probe.git/
[git@gitclient probe.git]$ exit
exit
克隆项目代码同步到自己创建的仓库中
[root@gitclient ~]# rz -E
rz waiting to receive.
[root@gitclient ~]# tar xf psi-probe.tar.gz
[root@gitclient ~]# git clone git@192.168.2.121:/home/git/probe.git
正克隆到 'probe'...
git@192.168.2.121's password: #密码为123456
warning: 您似乎克隆了一个空仓库。
[root@gitclient ~]# cp -rf psi-probe/* probe/
[root@gitclient ~]# cd probe/
[root@gitclient probe]# git add .
[root@gitclient probe]# git config --global user.email "zch@163.com"
[root@gitclient probe]# git config --global user.name "zch"
[root@gitclient probe]# git commit -m "all probe"
[root@gitclient probe]# git push origin master
git@192.168.2.121's password: #密码为123456
枚举对象: 1168, 完成.
对象计数中: 100% (1168/1168), 完成.
使用 2 个线程进行压缩
压缩对象中: 100% (1121/1121), 完成.
写入对象中: 100% (1168/1168), 2.02 MiB | 6.79 MiB/s, 完成.
总共 1168 （差异 395），复用 0 （差异 0）
To 192.168.2.117:/home/git/probe.git
* [new branch] master -> master
2、配置jenkins主机
1）添加验证凭据 ：凭证这里添不添加都可以，这个试验不牵扯到凭证
在凭据页面中，点击“system”跳转到“系统”页面。点击左侧导航栏中“添加域”，
跳转到“添加域”页面。在该页面创建域名为“crushlinux”并点击“ok”完成配置。
“添加凭据”。
填写以上数据后，点击“确定”就可以查看到新增的远程 web 主机账号。
2）添加 Publish Over SSH 远程主机
在 Jenkins 首页中点击“Manage Jenkins”->“Configure System”->“Publish over SSH”->“SSH Servers”->“增加”选项按钮，添加 SSH 远程主机。如图 3.13 所示，输入 Name、Hostname、Username 等必要信息后，点击“高级”选项按钮->勾选“Use Password authentication,or use a different key”选项->输入“远程主机登录密码”->“Test Configuration”测试远程主机配置。测试远程主机配置成功后点击“保存”按钮即可。
3）配置 Maven、JDK、Git 环境
在 Jenkins 首页中点击“Manage Jenkins”->“Global Tool Configuration”->“JDK” ->新增“JDK”，设置 JDK 别名为”JDK17”。去掉“Install automatically”选项，设置 “JAVA_HOME”为本案例中 JDK 实际安装路径。
/usr/local/java 
在Jenkins安装maven
[root@jenkins ~]# rz -E #上传apache-maven-3.5.0-bin.tar.gz
rz waiting to receive.
[root@jenkins ~]# tar xf apache-maven-3.5.0-bin.tar.gz
[root@jenkins ~]# mv apache-maven-3.5.0 /usr/local/maven-3.5.0
为maven更换阿里云镜像站
[root@jenkins ~]# vim /usr/local/maven-3.5.0/conf/settings.xml
#删除两个<mirrors>中的所有东西，大概12行，把下面的阿里云镜像站添加到两个<mirrors>中
<mirror>
<id>nexus-aliyun</id>
<mirrorOf>central</mirrorOf>
<name>Nexus aliyun</name>
<url>http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public</url>
</mirror>
最后达到的效果
在“Global Tool Configuration”配置界面中找到 Maven 配置选项，然后点击“新增 Maven”并设置别名为“Maven3.5”。
Git 配置
[root@jenkins ~]# which git
/usr/bin/git
以上全局基本配置完毕后，点击保存即可完成。
3、配置web主机
[root@tomcat ~]# tar xf apache-tomcat-8.5.40.tar.gz
[root@tomcat ~]# tar xf jdk-8u191-linux-x64.tar.gz
[root@tomcat ~]# mv jdk1.8.0_191/ /usr/local/java
[root@tomcat ~]# mv apache-tomcat-8.5.40 /usr/local/tomcat
[root@tomcat ~]# vim /etc/profile
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/java/
export CLASSPATH=$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
[root@tomcat ~]# source /etc/profile
[root@tomcat ~]# java -version
java version "1.8.0_191"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_191-b12)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.191-b12, mixed mode)
发布公钥给jenkins主机
[root@tomcat ~]# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:2oIK3dABtlQQWpoUbeRl/xGhb9BC+gVpxHy1ExGxkkw root@tomcat
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| o@=.o++.Eo*+ |
|.B.=o +=*.o + |
|+ o....=.B + |
| . .. * o . |
| . . .S+ |
| . o . o. |
|. . o o . |
| . . . |
| . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@tomcat ~]# ssh-copy-id 192.168.2.122
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.2.122 (192.168.2.122)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:RG6SwP4IEdCtwZTqmw5B3lW7k3e06TBVBtpIQQhXXU8.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:30:ae:c1:97:d5:fd:9f:ca:6b:36:a1:6d:e3:b7:06:d2.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.2.122's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '192.168.2.122'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
主机Jenkins默认用jenkins用户去连接git，所以用jenkins用户生成密钥对，并发送给git。
[root@jenkins ~]# id jenkins
uid=997(jenkins) gid=995(jenkins) 组=995(jenkins)
[root@jenkins ~]# su -s /bin/bash jenkins
bash-4.2$ ssh-keygen #生成密钥
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/var/lib/jenkins/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/var/lib/jenkins/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /var/lib/jenkins/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/lib/jenkins/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:TXyhCWBXN2DJk1/wZGz6ltw3XPqlshRVa7L6iLpt0ME jenkins@jenkins
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| o.oo++=oo .|
| . . +=+ *+..|
| . =o.=oo |
| E .o.+ .|
| S o .+.+.|
| . . ..*o+|
| . ... o+|
| ....+ . .|
| o+o ..+ |
+----[SHA256]-----+
bash-4.2$ ssh-copy-id git@192.168.2.121 #发送密钥
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/jenkins/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.2.121 (192.168.2.121)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:a7IpGawJCffvD7q1hMT/WIP+ZT/Bm9Qhy8NxapJa1GA.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:a6:56:1e:0c:59:62:fa:bf:f5:9b:77:d5:f0:0c:65:5d.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
git@192.168.2.121's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'git@192.168.2.121'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
bash-4.2$ ssh git@192.168.2.121 #登录测试
Last failed login: Tue Aug 22 15:06:36 CST 2023 on ssh:notty
There were 2 failed login attempts since the last successful login.
Last login: Tue Aug 22 14:58:26 2023
[git@gitclient ~]$ exit
登出
Connection to 192.168.2.121 closed.
bash-4.2$ exit
exit
[root@jenkins ~]# ssh-keygen #生成密钥
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:t92j/vRv35XZWWmEpkdGebNRy7oyFzWwz1oDnYT6rSA root@jenkins
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| oo.o|
| .oB+o|
| .B.O+|
| .= B.o|
| S ...+.B.|
| E +.o*.B|
| ooo+=+o|
| ++ o+|
| .o...B|
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@jenkins ~]# ssh-copy-id git@192.168.2.121 #发送密钥
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
git@192.168.2.121's password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh 'git@192.168.2.121'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
[root@jenkins ~]# ssh git@192.168.2.121 #登陆测试
Last login: Tue Aug 22 16:31:43 2023
[git@gitclient ~]$ exit
登出
Connection to 192.168.2.121 closed.
4、新建Maven项目
在以上配置完成后，回到 Jenkins 首页，选择“新建任务”，然后输入一个任务名称 “probe”，并选中“Maven project”点击当前页面下方的“确定”按钮。
在点击“确定”按钮后，选择“源码管理”选中“Git”,配置“RepositoriesURL”为
git@192.168.2.121:/home/git/probe.git
选择“Build”
clean package -Dmaven.test.skip=true
选择“构建后操作“中的“send build artfacts over SSH” “Exec command”中执行命令的含义是:在自动部署前先杀掉 Tomcat 进程，然后删除 war 包，用 scp 远程拷贝命令将 Jenkins 自动打包好的项目 war 包拷贝到当前 Tomcat 应用目录。 然后重启 Tomcat 。
scp 192.168.2.122:/root/.jenkins/workspace/proble/psi-probe-web/target/probe.war /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh 
以上全部配置完成后，点击保存即可。然后点击刚才创建的“probe”->“Build Now” 直至项目构建完成。构建过程可以在“控制台输出”中查看到。
5、验证 Jenkins 自动打包部署结果
在web主机上查看 probe 目录是否被拷贝到/usr/local/tomcat/webapps 目录下
[root@tomcat ~]# ls /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/
docs examples host-manager manager probe probe.war ROOT
[root@tomcat ~]# ll /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/probe
总用量 20
drwxr-x---. 3 root root 66 8月 24 14:04 css
drwxr-x---. 2 root root 8192 8月 24 14:04 flags
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 536 8月 24 11:34 index.jsp
drwxr-x---. 3 root root 148 8月 24 14:04 js
drwxr-x---. 3 root root 76 8月 24 14:04 META-INF
drwxr-x---. 6 root root 4096 8月 24 14:04 WEB-INF
从以上结果来看，Jenkins 已把打好的 probe war 包拷贝过来了。从构建后的执行命令可以看出，Tomcat 已经重新启动，通过浏览器访问测试 probe 监控系统。http://192.168.2.123:8080/probe。
[root@tomcat ~]# vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/tomcat-users.xml
<role rolename="manager-gui"/>
<role rolename="admin-gui"/>
<user username="tomcat" password="tomcat" roles="manager-gui,admin-gui"/>
</tomcat-users> # 在此行前加入上面三行
[root@tomcat ~]# vim /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/manager/META-INF/context.xml
<!-- <Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteAddrValve"
allow="127\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+|::1|0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1" /> -->
[root@tomcat ~]# /usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh
[root@tomcat ~]# /usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
至此，Jenkins 自动打包部署完毕。
