单片机串口通讯实战：详解STM32的串口编程与数据传输

news2025/1/18 13:57:25

引言：单片机串口通讯是应用非常广泛的通讯方式，具有简单、灵活、稳定等特点。本文将深入探讨单片机串口通讯的原理、应用和性能优化，同时介绍如何使用STM32单片机进行串口编程，并提供详细的代码示例和注释。

一、单片机串口通讯的原理和工作方式

1.1 串口通讯的基本原理

1.2 串口通讯的工作流程

1.3 串口通讯的通信协议（如RS-232、RS-485等）

二、STM32单片机串口通讯的编程方法

2.1 STM32串口寄存器和配置

2.2 串口初始化和配置

2.3 串口发送和接收数据

三、STM32单片机串口通讯的数据传输

3.1 串口发送数据

3.2 串口接收数据

3.3 数据传输中的常见问题和解决方法

四、STM32单片机串口通讯的性能优化

4.1 波特率的选择与优化

4.2 缓冲区设计与数据流控制

4.3 中断和DMA的应用

五、STM32单片机串口通讯的实例代码和注释

#include "stm32f4xx.h"
#include "stm32f4xx_hal.h"

UART_HandleTypeDef huart2;

void SystemClock_Config(void);
void Error_Handler(void);
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void);
static void MX_USART2_UART_Init(void);

int main(void)
{
  HAL_Init();

  SystemClock_Config();

  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_USART2_UART_Init();
  
  uint8_t dataToSend[20] = "Hello, world!\r\n";
  uint8_t receivedData[20];
  
  while (1)
  {
    HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart2, dataToSend, 20, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
    HAL_UART_Receive(&huart2, receivedData, 20, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
  }
}

void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};

  __HAL_RCC_PWR_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_PWR_VOLTAGESCALING_CONFIG(PWR_REGULATOR_VOLTAGE_SCALE1);

  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLM = 8;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLN = 360;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLP = RCC_PLLP_DIV2;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLQ = 7;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  if (HAL_PWREx_EnableOverDrive() != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1 | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;
  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_5) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

static void MX_USART2_UART_Init(void)
{
  huart2.Instance = USART2;
  huart2.Init.BaudRate = 115200;
  huart2.Init.WordLength = UART_WORDLENGTH_8B;
  huart2.Init.StopBits = UART_STOPBITS_1;
  huart2.Init.Parity = UART_PARITY_NONE;
  huart2.Init.Mode = UART_MODE_TX_RX;
  huart2.Init.HwFlowCtl = UART_HWCONTROL_NONE;
  huart2.Init.OverSampling = UART_OVERSAMPLING_16;
  if (HAL_UART_Init(&huart2) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

static void MX_GPIO_Init(void)
{
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE();

  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_2 | GPIO_PIN_3;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_AF_PP;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_PULLUP;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_VERY_HIGH;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Alternate = GPIO_AF7_USART2;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStruct);
}

void Error_Handler(void)
{
  while (1)
  {
  }
}

void HAL_UART_MspInit(UART_HandleTypeDef *huart)
{
  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};
  if (huart->Instance == USART2)
  {
    __HAL_RCC_USART2_CLK_ENABLE();
    __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE();

    GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = GPIO_PIN_2 | GPIO_PIN_3;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_AF_PP;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_PULLUP;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_VERY_HIGH;
    GPIO_InitStruct.Alternate = GPIO_AF7_USART2;
    HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStruct);
  }
}

代码说明和注释：