前言:本篇为书籍《The Element of Style》第三章的阅读笔记。
本书电子版链接:http://www.jlakes.org/ch/web/The-elements-of-style.pdf
- 章节 I Elementary Rules of Usage 阅读笔记:链接
- 章节 II Elementary Principles of Composition 阅读笔记:链接
Content
- III A Few Matters of Form
- Colloquialisms(口语词)
- Exclamations (感叹句)
- Headings(标题)
- Hyphen(连字符)
- Margins(页边距)
- Numerals(数字)
- Parentheses(圆括号)
- Quotations(引用语 )
- References(参考文献)
- Syllabication(音节划分)
- Titles(书名)
III A Few Matters of Form
Colloquialisms(口语词)
当你要使用一个口语或者俚语词或词组时,尽管去用它;千万不要把它放在双引号中去惹人注目。否则,就有点装腔作势了,就好像你要邀请读者加入由博学的人所组成的精英圈子。
Exclamations (感叹句)
-
不要使用感叹号来强调一个简单句,示例:
- It was a wonderful show! 应改为:
-
It was a wonderful show.
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感叹号应该是在真正的赞美或命令之后使用,示例:
-
What a wonderful show!
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Halt!
-
Headings(标题)
如果要发表一篇草稿,记得在第一页上上方留出足够的空白。编辑需要这片空白给排版人员写一些要点。将标题或题目放在距离页面顶端之后至少四分之一处。在标题后留出一个空行或相当于一行的间隔。标题页之后的页,从页面的顶部开始写,但是也不能离页顶端太近而造成拥挤的感觉。省略标题或题目末尾的句号。如有必要,标题的末尾可以使用问号和感叹号。
Hyphen(连字符)
-
当两个或以上的词结合在一起组成复合形容词时,通常需要用连字符,示例:
-
He belonged to the leisure class and enjoyed leisure-class pursuits.
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She entered her boat in the round-the-island race.
-
-
能够写成一个词的合成词最好不要用连字符表示,示例:
water-fowl
→waterfowl
. 常识会帮助你确定是否需要连字符,但字典在这时更为可靠。语言的演变似乎更加趋向于联合:通常在使用一段连字符之后,两个单词最终就变成一个单词了,示例:-
bed chamber → bed-chamber → bedchamber
-
wild life → wild-life → wildlife
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bell boy → bell-boy → bellboy
-
如果不加小心,就会被连字符捉弄。就如 Chattanooga 的 the News 和 the Free Press 两家报纸的合并。有人在结合后的名称中间加了个连字符,于是报纸的名称变成了 The Chattanooga News-Free Press,这听上去像是说该报纸无新闻(news-free)或缺乏新闻。当我们要连字符施展魔法,将不该连在一起的单词连起来时,我们显然对连字符要求过高了。
Margins(页边距)
保持每页的左右页边距大致等宽。例外:如果需要大量的注释或编辑,左页边距要足够大。
Numerals(数字)
-
不要用单词拼写出日期或序列号。在合适情况下,将他们用数字或罗马符号表示。示例:
-
August 9, 1988
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Part XII
-
Rule 3
-
352d Infantry
-
-
例外:当数字出现在对话场景中,最好将日期或数字拼写出来。示例:
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"I arrived home on August ninth."
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"In the year 1990, I turned twenty-one."
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"Read Chapter Twelve."
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Parentheses(圆括号)
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一个句子中包含着放在圆括号内的语句时,这个句子的标点符号应该放在右半边括号之外,就如同圆括号不存在一样。括号内的语句按照它本身的情况单独加标点符号;但是,除问号或感叹号外,语句末尾的标点符号则一概省略,示例:
-
I went to her house yesterday (my third attempt to see her), but she had left town.
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He declares (and why should we doubt his good faith?) that he is now certain of success.
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(当完全独立的语句或句子放在圆括号内时,最后的断句符号放在右边圆括号之前。)
-
Quotations(引用语 )
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作为书面证明的正式引用语,使用冒号来引导,并置于引号之中,示例:
-
The United States Coast Pilot has this to say of the place: "Bracy Cove, 0.5 mile eastward of Bear Island, is exposed to southeast winds, has a rocky and uneven bottom, and is unfit for anchorage."
-
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在语法上作为同位语或动词的直接宾语的引用语,跟在逗号之后,并置于引号之内,示例:
-
I am reminded of the advice of my neighbor, "Never worry about your heart till it stops beating."
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Mark Twain says, "A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read."
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当引用语后紧跟着限定短语时,逗号置于引号之中,示例:
-
"I can't attend," she said.
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印刷上的惯例规定:逗号应放在引号之内,尽管从逻辑上看,通常似乎不应该这样放,示例:
-
"The Fish," "Poetry," and "The Monkeys" are in Marianne Moore's *Selected Poems*.
-
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针对诗歌或散文中的一整行或多行的引用语,若要在印刷上区别于正文,比如本书中的引用语,则引文要另起一行并向里缩进。引用语一般不加引号,除非原文中出现引号,就像对话中的引号那样,示例:
-
Wordsworth's enthusiasm for the French Revolution was at first unbounded: Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very heaven!
-
-
由
that
引导的引用语是间接引语,因此不用引号,示例:-
Keats declares that beauty is truth, truth beauty.
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Dickinson states that a coffin is a small domain.
-
-
谚语和广为人们熟知的文学短语不需要用引号,示例:
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These are the times that try men's souls.
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He lives far from the madding crowd.
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References(参考文献)
在需要准确引用参考文献的学术著作中,对于经常出现的文献标题可以缩写,只在书的末尾按字母顺序列出全称。通常的做法是,将文献放在括号内或作为脚注,而不放在句子的正文中。省略下列词语:act(幕),scene(场),line(行),book(册),volume(卷),page(页),但只提及其中之一的时候例外。标点符号的使用如下所示:
-
in the second scene of the third act → in III.ii (Better still, simply insert m.ii in parentheses at the proper place in the sentence.)
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After the killing of Polonius, Hamlet is placed under guard (IV.ii.14).
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2 Samuel i: 17-27
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Othello II.iii. 264-267, III.iii. 155-161
Syllabication(音节划分)
当一个单词在一行的末尾必须被拆分换行时,要查字典以分清它的音节划分从而确定单词在何处断开。从任何一本印刷考究的书中选一些页,让学生察看其中的音节划分,将会使他们学会如何划分好音节。
Titles(书名)
对于文学作品的书名,学术上的做法是采取首字母大写的斜体字。不同编辑及出版商的做法会有所不同,有些用首字母大写的斜体字,另外一些用首字母大写的罗马字体且带不带引号都可以。除非一本杂志有不同的要求,否则标题要用斜体,并在手稿中加下划线标示。书名前用所有格时,要省略书名开头的冠词 A 或 The。例如:
- A Tale of Two Cities; Dickens’s Tale of Two Cities.
- The Age of Innocence; Wharton’s Age of Innocence.
参考资料
- 《风格要素4》中译本目录及链接 :百年经典 The Elements of Style (4th) - 知乎 (zhihu.com)