目录
- 1 三大组件
- 1.1 Channel & Buffer
- 1.2 Selector
- 1.3 多线程版设计
- 1.4 多线程版缺点
- 1.5 线程池版设计
- 1.6 线程池版缺点
- 1.7 selector 版设计
- 2 ByteBuffer
- 2.1 ByteBuffer 正确使用姿势
- 2.2 ByteBuffer 结构
- 2.3 调试工具类
- 2.4 ByteBuffer 常见方法
- 2.4.1 分配空间
- 2.4.2 向 buffer 写入数据
- 2.4.3 从 buffer 读取数据
- 2.4.5 mark 和 reset
- 2.4.6 字符串与 ByteBuffer 互转
- 2.5 Buffer 的线程安全
- 2.6 Scattering Reads
- 2.7 Gathering Writes
1 三大组件
non-blocking io 非阻塞 IO
1.1 Channel & Buffer
channel 有一点类似于 stream,它就是读写数据的双向通道,可以从 channel 将数据读入 buffer,也可以将 buffer 的数据写入 channel,而之前的 stream 要么是输入,要么是输出,channel 比 stream 更为底层
常见的 Channel 有
- FileChannel
- DatagramChannel
- SocketChannel
- ServerSocketChannel
buffer 则用来缓冲读写数据,常见的 buffer 有
- ByteBuffer
- MappedByteBuffer
- DirectByteBuffer
- HeapByteBuffer
- ShortBuffer
- IntBuffer
- LongBuffer
- FloatBuffer
- DoubleBuffer
- CharBuffer
1.2 Selector
selector 单从字面意思不好理解,需要结合服务器的设计演化来理解它的用途
1.3 多线程版设计
1.4 多线程版缺点
- 内存占用高
- 线程上下文切换成本高
- 只适合连接数少的场景
1.5 线程池版设计
1.6 线程池版缺点
- 阻塞模式下,线程仅能处理一个 socket 连接
- 仅适合短连接场景
1.7 selector 版设计
selector 的作用就是配合一个线程来管理多个 channel,获取这些 channel 上发生的事件,这些 channel 工作在非阻塞模式下,不会让线程吊死在一个 channel 上。适合连接数特别多,但流量低的场景(low traffic)
调用 selector 的 select() 会阻塞直到 channel 发生了读写就绪事件,这些事件发生,select 方法就会返回这些事件交给 thread 来处理
2 ByteBuffer
有一普通文本文件 data.txt,内容为
1234567890abcd
使用 FileChannel 来读取文件内容
@Slf4j
public class ChannelDemo1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/data.txt", "rw")) {
FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(10);
do {
// 向 buffer 写入
int len = channel.read(buffer);
log.debug("读到字节数:{}", len);
if (len == -1) {
break;
}
// 切换 buffer 读模式
buffer.flip();
while(buffer.hasRemaining()) {
log.debug("{}", (char)buffer.get());
}
// 切换 buffer 写模式
buffer.clear();
} while (true);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
输出
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:10
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 1
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 2
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 3
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 4
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 5
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 6
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 7
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 8
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 9
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 0
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:4
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - a
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - b
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - c
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - d
10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:-1
2.1 ByteBuffer 正确使用姿势
- 向 buffer 写入数据,例如调用 channel.read(buffer)
- 调用 flip() 切换至读模式
- 从 buffer 读取数据,例如调用 buffer.get()
- 调用 clear() 或 compact() 切换至写模式
- 重复 1~4 步骤
2.2 ByteBuffer 结构
ByteBuffer 有以下重要属性
- capacity
- position
- limit
一开始
写模式下,position 是写入位置,limit 等于容量,下图表示写入了 4 个字节后的状态
flip 动作发生后,position 切换为读取位置,limit 切换为读取限制
读取 4 个字节后,状态
clear 动作发生后,状态
compact 方法,是把未读完的部分向前压缩,然后切换至写模式
2.3 调试工具类
public class ByteBufferUtil {
private static final char[] BYTE2CHAR = new char[256];
private static final char[] HEXDUMP_TABLE = new char[256 * 4];
private static final String[] HEXPADDING = new String[16];
private static final String[] HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES = new String[65536 >>> 4];
private static final String[] BYTE2HEX = new String[256];
private static final String[] BYTEPADDING = new String[16];
static {
final char[] DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef".toCharArray();
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
HEXDUMP_TABLE[i << 1] = DIGITS[i >>> 4 & 0x0F];
HEXDUMP_TABLE[(i << 1) + 1] = DIGITS[i & 0x0F];
}
int i;
// Generate the lookup table for hex dump paddings
for (i = 0; i < HEXPADDING.length; i++) {
int padding = HEXPADDING.length - i;
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding * 3);
for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {
buf.append(" ");
}
HEXPADDING[i] = buf.toString();
}
// Generate the lookup table for the start-offset header in each row (up to 64KiB).
for (i = 0; i < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length; i++) {
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(12);
buf.append(NEWLINE);
buf.append(Long.toHexString(i << 4 & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));
buf.setCharAt(buf.length() - 9, '|');
buf.append('|');
HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[i] = buf.toString();
}
// Generate the lookup table for byte-to-hex-dump conversion
for (i = 0; i < BYTE2HEX.length; i++) {
BYTE2HEX[i] = ' ' + StringUtil.byteToHexStringPadded(i);
}
// Generate the lookup table for byte dump paddings
for (i = 0; i < BYTEPADDING.length; i++) {
int padding = BYTEPADDING.length - i;
StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding);
for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {
buf.append(' ');
}
BYTEPADDING[i] = buf.toString();
}
// Generate the lookup table for byte-to-char conversion
for (i = 0; i < BYTE2CHAR.length; i++) {
if (i <= 0x1f || i >= 0x7f) {
BYTE2CHAR[i] = '.';
} else {
BYTE2CHAR[i] = (char) i;
}
}
}
/**
* 打印所有内容
* @param buffer
*/
public static void debugAll(ByteBuffer buffer) {
int oldlimit = buffer.limit();
buffer.limit(buffer.capacity());
StringBuilder origin = new StringBuilder(256);
appendPrettyHexDump(origin, buffer, 0, buffer.capacity());
System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- all ------------------------+----------------+");
System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), oldlimit);
System.out.println(origin);
buffer.limit(oldlimit);
}
/**
* 打印可读取内容
* @param buffer
*/
public static void debugRead(ByteBuffer buffer) {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(256);
appendPrettyHexDump(builder, buffer, buffer.position(), buffer.limit() - buffer.position());
System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- read -----------------------+----------------+");
System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), buffer.limit());
System.out.println(builder);
}
private static void appendPrettyHexDump(StringBuilder dump, ByteBuffer buf, int offset, int length) {
if (isOutOfBounds(offset, length, buf.capacity())) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
"expected: " + "0 <= offset(" + offset + ") <= offset + length(" + length
+ ") <= " + "buf.capacity(" + buf.capacity() + ')');
}
if (length == 0) {
return;
}
dump.append(
" +-------------------------------------------------+" +
NEWLINE + " | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |" +
NEWLINE + "+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");
final int startIndex = offset;
final int fullRows = length >>> 4;
final int remainder = length & 0xF;
// Dump the rows which have 16 bytes.
for (int row = 0; row < fullRows; row++) {
int rowStartIndex = (row << 4) + startIndex;
// Per-row prefix.
appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, row, rowStartIndex);
// Hex dump
int rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + 16;
for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
}
dump.append(" |");
// ASCII dump
for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
}
dump.append('|');
}
// Dump the last row which has less than 16 bytes.
if (remainder != 0) {
int rowStartIndex = (fullRows << 4) + startIndex;
appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, fullRows, rowStartIndex);
// Hex dump
int rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + remainder;
for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
}
dump.append(HEXPADDING[remainder]);
dump.append(" |");
// Ascii dump
for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
}
dump.append(BYTEPADDING[remainder]);
dump.append('|');
}
dump.append(NEWLINE +
"+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");
}
private static void appendHexDumpRowPrefix(StringBuilder dump, int row, int rowStartIndex) {
if (row < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length) {
dump.append(HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[row]);
} else {
dump.append(NEWLINE);
dump.append(Long.toHexString(rowStartIndex & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));
dump.setCharAt(dump.length() - 9, '|');
dump.append('|');
}
}
public static short getUnsignedByte(ByteBuffer buffer, int index) {
return (short) (buffer.get(index) & 0xFF);
}
}
2.4 ByteBuffer 常见方法
2.4.1 分配空间
可以使用 allocate 方法为 ByteBuffer 分配空间,其它 buffer 类也有该方法
Bytebuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
2.4.2 向 buffer 写入数据
有两种办法
- 调用 channel 的 read 方法
- 调用 buffer 自己的 put 方法
int readBytes = channel.read(buf);
和
buf.put((byte)127);
2.4.3 从 buffer 读取数据
同样有两种办法
- 调用 channel 的 write 方法
- 调用 buffer 自己的 get 方法
int writeBytes = channel.write(buf);
和
byte b = buf.get();
get 方法会让 position 读指针向后走,如果想重复读取数据
- 可以调用 rewind 方法将 position 重新置为 0
- 或者调用 get(int i) 方法获取索引 i 的内容,它不会移动读指针
2.4.5 mark 和 reset
mark 是在读取时,做一个标记,即使 position 改变,只要调用 reset 就能回到 mark 的位置
注意
rewind 和 flip 都会清除 mark 位置
2.4.6 字符串与 ByteBuffer 互转
ByteBuffer buffer1 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("你好");
ByteBuffer buffer2 = Charset.forName("utf-8").encode("你好");
debug(buffer1);
debug(buffer2);
CharBuffer buffer3 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(buffer1);
System.out.println(buffer3.getClass());
System.out.println(buffer3.toString());
输出
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd |...... |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd |...... |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
class java.nio.HeapCharBuffer
你好
2.5 Buffer 的线程安全
Buffer 是非线程安全的
2.6 Scattering Reads
分散读取,有一个文本文件 3parts.txt
onetwothree
使用如下方式读取,可以将数据填充至多个 buffer
try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {
FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
ByteBuffer a = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);
ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);
ByteBuffer c = ByteBuffer.allocate(5);
channel.read(new ByteBuffer[]{a, b, c});
a.flip();
b.flip();
c.flip();
debug(a);
debug(b);
debug(c);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
结果
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 6f 6e 65 |one |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 74 77 6f |two |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 74 68 72 65 65 |three |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
2.7 Gathering Writes
使用如下方式写入,可以将多个 buffer 的数据填充至 channel
try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {
FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
ByteBuffer d = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
ByteBuffer e = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
channel.position(11);
d.put(new byte[]{'f', 'o', 'u', 'r'});
e.put(new byte[]{'f', 'i', 'v', 'e'});
d.flip();
e.flip();
debug(d);
debug(e);
channel.write(new ByteBuffer[]{d, e});
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
输出
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 6f 75 72 |four |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
|00000000| 66 69 76 65 |five |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
文件内容
onetwothreefourfive