1. NULL约束

创建表时,可以指定某列不为空

create table student(
    id int not null,
    sn int,
    name varchar(20),
    qq_mail varchar(20)
);

mysql> desc student;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| sn      | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| qq_mail | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2. UNIQUE(唯一约束)

保证某列的每行必须有唯一的值

重新设置一下表的结构

create table student1(
    id int not null,
    sn int unique,
    name varchar(20),
    qq_mail varchar(20)
);

mysql> desc student1;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| sn      | int(11)     | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| qq_mail | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

表示sn这列的值时唯一的不重复的

3. DEFAULT(默认值约束)

规定没有给列赋值时的默认值

指定插入数据时，name列为空，默认值unkown

create table student2(
    id int not null,
    sn int unique,
    name varchar(20) default 'unkown',
    qq_mail varchar(20)
);

mysql> desc student2;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)     | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| sn      | int(11)     | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20) | YES  |     | unkown  |       |
| qq_mail | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

插入一个id但不插入name时:

insert into student2 (id) values (1);

mysql> select*from student2;
+----+------+--------+---------+
| id | sn   | name   | qq_mail |
+----+------+--------+---------+
|  1 | NULL | unkown | NULL    |
+----+------+--------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

name是默认值

4. PRIMARY KEY(主键约束)

NOT NULL 和 UNIQUE 的结合

确保某列有唯一标识,有助于快速找到表中的一个特定记录

create table student3(
    id int not null primary key,
    sn int unique,
    name varchar(20) default 'unkown',
    qq_mail varchar(20)
);

mysql> desc student3;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| sn      | int(11)     | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20) | YES  |     | unkown  |       |
| qq_mail | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

主键是not null 和 unique 的结合,也可以不用 not null

id int primary key

对于整数类型的主键,例如id,常搭配自增长auto_increment来使用

当插入数据对应字段不给定值时,使用最大值加一

mysql> create table student4(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    sn int unique,
    name varchar(20) default 'unkown',
    qq_mail varchar(20)
);

接下来我们插入记录时,id为null

mysql> insert into student4 values (null,1000,'zhangsan',null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student4 values (null,1001,'zhangsi',null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

//将id置为100
insert into student4 values(100,1002,'zhangwu',null);
//将id置为null
insert into student4 values(null,1003,'zhangliu',null);


结果
mysql> select *from student4;
+-----+------+----------+---------+
| id  | sn   | name     | qq_mail |
+-----+------+----------+---------+
|   1 | 1000 | zhangsan | NULL    |
|   2 | 1001 | zhangsi  | NULL    |
| 100 | 1002 | zhangwu  | NULL    |
| 101 | 1003 | zhangliu | NULL    |
+-----+------+----------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

可以看出,使用自增长之后,插入数据给值时,用给定的值插入,插入数据不给值时,默认插入最近一次的最大值+1

5. FOREIGN KEY(外键约束)

保证一个表中的数据匹配另一个表中的值的参照完整性

创建一个班级表class,id为主键.

创建学生表student，一个学生对应一个班级，一个班级对应多个学生。使用id为主键， classes_id为外键，关联班级表id

create table class(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20),
    `desc` VARCHAR(100)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> desc class;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| desc  | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

create table student5(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    sn int unique,name varchar(20) default 'unknow',
    qq_mail varchar(20),
    class_id int,
    foreign key(class_id) references class(id)
);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> desc student5;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id       | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sn       | int(11)     | YES  | UNI | NULL    |                |
| name     | varchar(20) | YES  |     | unknow  |                |
| qq_mail  | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| class_id | int(11)     | YES  | MUL | NULL    |                |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

此时学生表就和班级表关联起来了

外键约束是两个表之间的相互约束

我们插入一个非法数据,现在class的id列还是空的,插任何数据都会不合法

insert into student5 values(1,1001,'张三',null,10);


ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row:
     a foreign key constraint fails (`java_3`.`student5`,
     CONSTRAINT `student5_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`class_id`) 
    REFERENCES `class` (`id`))

插入失败,因为class的id列没有10这个数据

说明学生表中的数据依赖于班级表的数据,班级表的数据对学生表的数据产生约束力,班级表为父表,学生表为子表

我们先给班级表和学生表插入数据

mysql> insert into class values(1,'java001',null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student5 values(1,1001,'张三',null,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select*from class;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name    | desc |
+----+---------+------+
|  1 | java001 | NULL |
+----+---------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select*from student5;
+----+------+------+---------+----------+
| id | sn   | name | qq_mail | class_id |
+----+------+------+---------+----------+
|  1 | 1001 | 张三 | NULL    |        1 |
+----+------+------+---------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

因为数据都是合法的,所以成功插入

下面举例说明子表也会反过来约束父表

mysql> delete from class where id = 1;
ERROR 1451 (23000): 
Cannot delete or update a parent row: 
    a foreign key constraint fails (`java_3`.`student5`, 
    CONSTRAINT `student5_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`class_id`) 
    REFERENCES `class` (`id`))