前提条件，安装Playwright， 教程见 Getting started - Library
主要命令：
pip install playwright
playwright install
1. PlaywrightWrapper 源码
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import annotations
import asyncio
import sys
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Literal, Optional
from playwright.async_api import async_playwright
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, PrivateAttr
from metagpt.logs import logger
from metagpt.utils.parse_html import WebPage
class PlaywrightWrapper(BaseModel):
"""Wrapper around Playwright.
To use this module, you should have the `playwright` Python package installed and ensure that
the required browsers are also installed. You can install playwright by running the command
`pip install metagpt[playwright]` and download the necessary browser binaries by running the
command `playwright install` for the first time.
"""
browser_type: Literal["chromium", "firefox", "webkit"] = "chromium"
launch_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
proxy: Optional[str] = None
context_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
_has_run_precheck: bool = PrivateAttr(False)
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
launch_kwargs = self.launch_kwargs
if self.proxy and "proxy" not in launch_kwargs:
args = launch_kwargs.get("args", [])
if not any(str.startswith(i, "--proxy-server=") for i in args):
launch_kwargs["proxy"] = {"server": self.proxy}
if "ignore_https_errors" in kwargs:
self.context_kwargs["ignore_https_errors"] = kwargs["ignore_https_errors"]
async def run(self, url: str, *urls: str) -> WebPage | list[WebPage]:
async with async_playwright() as ap:
browser_type = getattr(ap, self.browser_type)
await self._run_precheck(browser_type)
browser = await browser_type.launch(**self.launch_kwargs)
_scrape = self._scrape
if urls:
return await asyncio.gather(
_scrape(browser, url), *(_scrape(browser, i) for i in urls)
)
return await _scrape(browser, url)
async def _scrape(self, browser, url):
context = await browser.new_context(**self.context_kwargs)
page = await context.new_page()
async with page:
try:
await page.goto(url)
await page.evaluate("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)")
html = await page.content()
inner_text = await page.evaluate("() => document.body.innerText")
except Exception as e:
inner_text = f"Fail to load page content for {e}"
html = ""
return WebPage(inner_text=inner_text, html=html, url=url)
async def _run_precheck(self, browser_type):
if self._has_run_precheck:
return
executable_path = Path(browser_type.executable_path)
if not executable_path.exists() and "executable_path" not in self.launch_kwargs:
kwargs = {}
if self.proxy:
kwargs["env"] = {"ALL_PROXY": self.proxy}
await _install_browsers(self.browser_type, **kwargs)
if self._has_run_precheck:
return
if not executable_path.exists():
parts = executable_path.parts
available_paths = list(Path(*parts[:-3]).glob(f"{self.browser_type}-*"))
if available_paths:
logger.warning(
"It seems that your OS is not officially supported by Playwright. "
"Try to set executable_path to the fallback build version."
)
executable_path = available_paths[0].joinpath(*parts[-2:])
self.launch_kwargs["executable_path"] = str(executable_path)
self._has_run_precheck = True
def _get_install_lock():
global _install_lock
if _install_lock is None:
_install_lock = asyncio.Lock()
return _install_lock
async def _install_browsers(*browsers, **kwargs) -> None:
async with _get_install_lock():
browsers = [i for i in browsers if i not in _install_cache]
if not browsers:
return
process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
sys.executable,
"-m",
"playwright",
"install",
*browsers,
# "--with-deps",
stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
**kwargs,
)
await asyncio.gather(
_log_stream(process.stdout, logger.info),
_log_stream(process.stderr, logger.warning),
)
if await process.wait() == 0:
logger.info("Install browser for playwright successfully.")
else:
logger.warning("Fail to install browser for playwright.")
_install_cache.update(browsers)
async def _log_stream(sr, log_func):
while True:
line = await sr.readline()
if not line:
return
log_func(f"[playwright install browser]: {line.decode().strip()}")
_install_lock: asyncio.Lock = None
_install_cache = set()
2. 测试
async def webTest():
websearch = PlaywrightWrapper()
result = await websearch.run(url="https://playwright.dev/")
print(result)
if __name__ == "__main__":
asyncio.run(webTest())
输出：
inner_text='Skip to main content\nPlaywright\nDocs\nAPI\nNode.js\nCommunity\nSearch\nK\nPlaywright enables reliable end-to-end testing for modern web apps.\nGET STARTED\nStar\n67k+\n\n\n\n\n\nAny browser • Any platform • One API\n\nCross-browser. Playwright supports all modern rendering engines including Chromium, WebKit, and Firefox.\n\nCross-platform. Test on Windows, Linux, and macOS, locally or on CI, headless or headed.\n\nCross-language. Use the Playwright API in TypeScript, JavaScript, Python, .NET, Java.\n\nTest Mobile Web. Native mobile emulation of Google Chrome for Android and Mobile Safari. The same rendering engine works on your Desktop and in the Cloud.\n\nResilient • No flaky tests\n\nAuto-wait. Playwright waits for elements to be actionable prior to performing actions. It also has a rich set of introspection events. The combination of the two eliminates the need for artificial timeouts - the primary cause of flaky tests.\n\nWeb-first assertions. Playwright assertions are created specifically for the dynamic web. Checks are automatically retried until the necessary conditions are met.\n\nTracing. Configure test retry strategy, capture execution trace, videos, screenshots to eliminate flakes.\n\nNo trade-offs • No limits\n\nBrowsers run web content belonging to different origins in different processes. Playwright is aligned with the modern browsers architecture and runs tests out-of-process. This makes Playwright free of the typical in-process test runner limitations.\n\nMultiple everything. Test scenarios that span multiple tabs, multiple origins and multiple users. Create scenarios with different contexts for different users and run them against your server, all in one test.\n\nTrusted events. Hover elements, interact with dynamic controls, produce trusted events. Playwright uses real browser input pipeline indistinguishable from the real user.\n\nTest frames, pierce Shadow DOM. Playwright selectors pierce shadow DOM and allow entering frames seamlessly.\n\nFull isolation • Fast execution\n\nBrowser contexts. Playwright creates a browser context for each test. Browser context is equivalent to a brand new browser profile. This delivers full test isolation with zero overhead. Creating a new browser context only takes a handful of milliseconds.\n\nLog in once. Save the authentication state of the context and reuse it in all the tests. This bypasses repetitive log-in operations in each test, yet delivers full isolation of independent tests.\n\nPowerful Tooling\n\nCodegen. Generate tests by recording your actions. Save them into any language.\n\nPlaywright inspector. Inspect page, generate selectors, step through the test execution, see click points, explore execution logs.\n\nTrace Viewer. Capture all the information to investigate the test failure. Playwright trace contains test execution screencast, live DOM snapshots, action explorer, test source, and many more.\n\nChosen by companies and open source projects\nLearn\nGetting started\nPlaywright Training\nLearn Videos\nFeature Videos\nCommunity\nStack Overflow\nDiscord\nTwitter\nLinkedIn\nMore\nGitHub\nYouTube\nBlog\nAmbassadors\nCopyright © 2024 Microsoft' html='<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="plugin-pages plugin-id-default" data-has-hydrated="true" data-theme="light" data-rh="lang,dir,class,data-has-hydrated"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="generator" content="Docusaurus v3.6.3"><title>Fast and reliable end-to-end testing for modern web apps | Playwright</title><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://repository-images.githubusercontent.com/221981891/8c5c6942-c91f-4df1-825f-4cf474056bd7"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" 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style="display:block">67k+</a></span></div></div></header><br><main><br><br><div style="text-align:center"><img src="img/logos/Browsers.png" width="40%" alt="Browsers (Chromium, Firefox, WebKit)"></div><section class="features_keug"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col col--6" style="margin-top:40px"><h3>Any browser • Any platform • One API</h3><div><p><b>Cross-browser.</b> Playwright supports all modern rendering engines including Chromium, WebKit, and Firefox.</p><p><b>Cross-platform.</b> Test on Windows, Linux, and macOS, locally or on CI, headless or headed.</p><p><b>Cross-language.</b> Use the Playwright API in <a href="https://playwright.dev/docs/intro">TypeScript</a>, <a href="https://playwright.dev/docs/intro">JavaScript</a>, <a href="https://playwright.dev/python/docs/intro">Python</a>, <a href="https://playwright.dev/dotnet/docs/intro">.NET</a>, <a href="https://playwright.dev/java/docs/intro">Java</a>.</p><p><b>Test Mobile Web.</b> Native mobile emulation of Google Chrome for Android and Mobile Safari. The same rendering engine works on your Desktop and in the Cloud.</p></div></div><div class="col col--6" style="margin-top:40px"><h3></h3><div></div></div><div class="col col--6" style="margin-top:40px"><h3></h3><div></div></div><div class="col col--6" style="margin-top:40px"><h3>Resilient • No flaky tests</h3><div><p><b>Auto-wait.</b> Playwright waits for elements to be actionable prior to performing actions. It also has a rich set of introspection events. The combination of the two eliminates the need for artificial timeouts - the primary cause of flaky tests.</p><p><b>Web-first assertions.</b> Playwright assertions are created specifically for the dynamic web. Checks are automatically retried until the necessary conditions are met.</p><p><b>Tracing.</b> Configure test retry strategy, capture execution trace, videos, screenshots to eliminate flakes.</p></div></div><div class="col col--6" style="margin-top:40px"><h3>No trade-offs • No limits</h3><div><p>Browsers run web content belonging to different origins in different processes. Playwright is aligned with the modern browsers architecture and runs tests out-of-process. This makes Playwright free of the typical in-process test runner limitations.</p><p><b>Multiple everything.</b> Test scenarios that span multiple <b>tabs</b>, multiple <b>origins</b> and multiple <b>users</b>. Create scenarios with different contexts for different users and run them against your server, all in one test.</p><p><b>Trusted events.</b> Hover elements, interact with dynamic controls, produce trusted events. Playwright uses real browser input pipeline indistinguishable from the real user.</p><p><b>Test frames, pierce Shadow DOM.</b> Playwright selectors pierce shadow DOM and allow entering frames seamlessly.</p></div></div><div class="col col--6" style="margin-top:40px"><h3></h3><div></div></div><div class="col col--6" style="margin-top:40px"><h3></h3><div></div></div><div class="col col--6" style="margin-top:40px"><h3>Full isolation • Fast execution</h3><div><p><b>Browser contexts.</b> Playwright creates a browser context for each test. Browser context is equivalent to a brand new browser profile. This delivers full test isolation with zero overhead. Creating a new browser context only takes a handful of milliseconds.</p><p><b>Log in once.</b> Save the authentication state of the context and reuse it in all the tests. This bypasses repetitive log-in operations in each test, yet delivers full isolation of independent tests.</p></div></div><div class="col col--6" style="margin-top:40px"><h3>Powerful Tooling</h3><div><p><b><a href="docs/codegen">Codegen.</a></b> Generate tests by recording your actions. Save them into any language.</p><p><b><a href="docs/debug#playwright-inspector">Playwright inspector.</a></b> Inspect page, generate selectors, step through the test execution, see click points, explore execution logs.</p><p><b><a href="docs/trace-viewer-intro">Trace Viewer.</a></b> Capture all the information to investigate the test failure. Playwright trace contains test execution screencast, live DOM snapshots, action explorer, test source, and many more.</p></div></div></div></div></section><section class="logosSection_gMWS"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col col--12 logosColumn_GJVT"><h2>Chosen by companies and open source projects</h2><ul class="logosList_zAAF"><li><a href="https://code.visualstudio.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="img/logos/VSCode.png" alt="VS Code"></a></li><li><a href="https://bing.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="img/logos/Bing.png" alt="Bing"></a></li><li><a href="https://outlook.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="img/logos/Outlook.png" alt="Outlook"></a></li><li><a href="https://www.hotstar.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="img/logos/DHotstar.jpg" alt="Disney+ Hotstar"></a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/mui-org/material-ui" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img 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3. 代码解释
这段代码是一个基于 Playwright 的 Python 异步工具，用于通过网页浏览器操作和抓取网页内容。它使用了多个 Python 包，包括 asyncio, pydantic 和 playwright.async_api，以实现灵活的浏览器控制功能。以下是对主要部分的逐段解释：
- 模块导入
from __future__ import annotations
启用 Python 未来功能支持，例如类型提示中的前置引用（| 用于联合类型）。
import asyncio
import sys
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Literal, Optional
asyncio: 用于实现异步编程。
sys: 提供与解释器交互的工具。
Path: 用于文件路径操作。
Literal, Optional: 类型注解工具。
from playwright.async_api import async_playwright
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, PrivateAttr
async_playwright: Playwright 的异步 API，用于浏览器操作。
pydantic: 提供强大的数据验证和模型支持。
- 核心类 PlaywrightWrapper
概述
封装了 Playwright 的功能，用于创建浏览器会话、抓取网页内容和动态处理。
属性
browser_type: Literal["chromium", "firefox", "webkit"] = "chromium"
指定使用的浏览器类型（默认 chromium）。
launch_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
浏览器启动的参数（例如无头模式等）。
proxy: Optional[str] = None
可选代理服务器地址。
context_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
浏览器上下文参数（例如忽略 HTTPS 错误）。
_has_run_precheck: bool = PrivateAttr(False)
内部属性，用于标记是否完成预检查。
方法
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
...
初始化 PlaywrightWrapper 对象。
处理代理配置和上下文参数。
- run 方法
async def run(self, url: str, *urls: str) -> WebPage | list[WebPage]:
接受单个或多个 URL，返回网页内容（WebPage 对象）。
使用 asyncio.gather 并发抓取多个 URL。
- _scrape 方法
async def _scrape(self, browser, url):
核心抓取逻辑，使用 Playwright 打开页面并提取内容。
包括 HTML 和页面文本。
关键逻辑：
await page.goto(url): 访问 URL。
await page.evaluate("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)"): 模拟滚动操作。
await page.content(): 获取 HTML。
await page.evaluate("() => document.body.innerText"): 提取文本内容。
- _run_precheck 方法
async def _run_precheck(self, browser_type):
检查 Playwright 是否正确安装所需的浏览器。
如果未安装，调用 _install_browsers 下载。
- 浏览器安装工具
_install_browsers
异步安装指定的浏览器。
使用 asyncio.create_subprocess_exec 调用 playwright install 安装。
_log_stream
实时处理安装过程中产生的日志输出。
- 全局变量
_install_lock: asyncio.Lock = None
防止并发安装操作。
_install_cache: set()
缓存已安装的浏览器，避免重复安装。
用途
网页抓取：从动态网页中提取内容。
代理支持：通过代理服务器访问网页。
浏览器自动安装：根据需求自动下载并配置浏览器。
高效并发：通过 asyncio 实现对多个 URL 的并发抓取。
参考链接： https://github.com/geekan/MetaGPT
https://playwright.dev/python/docs/library
