Scrapy爬取heima论坛所有页面内容并保存到数据库中

news2024/12/26 12:54:24

前期准备：

Scrapy入门_win10安装scrapy-CSDN博客

新建 Scrapy项目

scrapy startproject mySpider03 # 项目名为mySpider03

进入到spiders目录

cd mySpider03/mySpider03/spiders

创建爬虫

scrapy genspider heima bbs.itheima.com # 爬虫名为heima ，爬取域为bbs.itheima.com

制作爬虫

items.py:

import scrapy

class heimaItem(scrapy.Item):
    title = scrapy.Field()
    url = scrapy.Field()

heima.py:

import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import Selector
from mySpider03.items import heimaItem

class HeimaSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'heima'
    allowed_domains = ['bbs.itheima.com']
    start_urls = ['http://bbs.itheima.com/forum-425-1.html']

    def parse(self, response):
        print('response.url: ', response.url)
        selector = Selector(response)
        node_list = selector.xpath("//th[@class='new forumtit'] | //th[@class='common forumtit']")
        for node in node_list:
            # 文章标题
            title = node.xpath('./a[1]/text()')[0].extract()
            # 文章链接
            url = node.xpath('./a[1]/@href')[0].extract()
            # 创建heimaItem类
            item = heimaItem()
            item['title'] = title
            item['url'] = url
            yield item

pipelines.py:

from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
from pymongo import MongoClient

class heimaPipeline:

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        # MongoDB 连接设置  
        self.MONGO_URI = 'mongodb://localhost:27017/'  
        self.DB_NAME = 'heima'  # 数据库名称  
        self.COLLECTION_NAME = 'heimaNews'  # 集合名称
        self.client = MongoClient(self.MONGO_URI)
        self.db = self.client[self.DB_NAME]
        self.collection = self.db[self.COLLECTION_NAME]
        # 如果集合中已有数据，清空集合
        self.collection.delete_many({})
        print('爬取开始')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        title = item['title']
        url = item['url']
        # 将item转换为字典
        item_dict = {
            'title': title,
            'url': url,
        }
        # 插入数据
        self.collection.insert_one(item_dict)
        return item   

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        print('爬取结束，显示数据库中所有元素')
        cursor = self.collection.find()
        for document in cursor:
            print(document)
        self.client.close()

settings.py，解开ITEM_PIPELINES的注释，并修改其内容:

ITEM_PIPELINES = {

'mySpider03.pipelines.heimaPipeline': 300,

}

创建run.py:

from scrapy import cmdline

cmdline.execute("scrapy crawl heima -s LOG_ENABLED=False".split())

# cd mySpider03/mySpider03/spiders

运行run.py文件，即可实现爬取第一页'http://bbs.itheima.com/forum-425-1.html'内容并保存到数据库中的功能。

结果如下图：

爬取到了50条数据。

爬取所有页面

方法一：通过获取下一页url地址的方法爬取所有页面。

在heima.py的parse方法结尾加上以下内容：

# 获取下一页的链接

if '下一页' in response.text:

next_url = selector.xpath("//a[@class='nxt']/@href").extract()[0]

yield scrapy.Request(next_url, callback=self.parse)

即heima.py：

import scrapy
from scrapy.selector import Selector
from mySpider03.items import heimaItem

class HeimaSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'heima'
    allowed_domains = ['bbs.itheima.com']
    start_urls = ['http://bbs.itheima.com/forum-425-1.html']

    def parse(self, response):
        print('response.url: ', response.url)
        selector = Selector(response)
        node_list = selector.xpath("//th[@class='new forumtit'] | //th[@class='common forumtit']")
        for node in node_list:
            # 文章标题
            title = node.xpath('./a[1]/text()')[0].extract()
            # 文章链接
            url = node.xpath('./a[1]/@href')[0].extract()
            # 创建heimaItem类
            item = heimaItem()
            item['title'] = title
            item['url'] = url
            yield item
        
        # 获取下一页的链接
        if '下一页' in response.text:
            next_url = selector.xpath("//a[@class='nxt']/@href").extract()[0]
            yield scrapy.Request(next_url, callback=self.parse)

爬取结果：

爬取到了70页，一共3466条数据。

# 在cmd中输入以下命令，查看数据库中的数据：
> mongosh # 启动mongoDB
> show dbs # 查看所有数据库
> use heima # 使用heima数据库
> db.stats() # 查看当前数据库的信息
> db.heimaNews.find() # 查看heimaNews集合中的所有文档

方法二：使用crawlspider提取url链接

新建crawlspider类的爬虫

scrapy genspider -t crawl heimaCrawl bbs.itheima.com

# 爬虫名为heimaCrawl ，爬取域为bbs.itheima.com

2.1在rules中通过xpath提取链接

修改heimaCrawl.py文件：

import scrapy
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
from mySpider03.items import heimaItem

class HeimacrawlSpider(CrawlSpider):
    name = 'heimaCrawl'
    allowed_domains = ['bbs.itheima.com']
    start_urls = ['http://bbs.itheima.com/forum-425-1.html']

    rules = (
        Rule(LinkExtractor(restrict_xpaths=r'//a[@class="nxt"]'), callback='parse_item', follow=True),
    )
    
    # 处理起始页面内容，如果不重写该方法，则只爬取满足rules规则的链接，不会爬取起始页面内容
    def parse_start_url(self, response):
        # 调用 parse_item 处理起始页面
        return self.parse_item(response)
    
    def parse_item(self, response):
        print('CrawlSpider的response.url: ', response.url)
        node_list = response.xpath("//th[@class='new forumtit'] | //th[@class='common forumtit']")
        for node in node_list:
            # 文章标题
            title = node.xpath('./a[1]/text()')[0].extract()
            # 文章链接
            url = node.xpath('./a[1]/@href')[0].extract()
            # 创建heimaItem类
            item = heimaItem()
            item['title'] = title
            item['url'] = url
            yield item

修改run.py: