SectionA Operating System操作系统
不同操作系统
批处理操作系统(Batch Processing Operating System)
分时操作系统(Time Sharing Operating System)
实时操作系统(Real Time Operating System)
个人操作系统(Personal Operating System)
网络操作系统(NOS, Network Operating System)
分布式操作系统(Distributed Operating System)
An OS should be constructed in such a way as to permit the effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service.
操作系统应该以这样的方式构建:允许在不干扰服务的情况下,有效地开发、测试和引入新的系统功能。
1. OS as a User/Computer Interface 操作系统作为用户/计算机界面
词汇
interface n. 接口;界面
hierarchical a分层的
programer n.程序员
instruction n. 指令
overwhelmingly adv无法抵抗的
undertaking n任务,事业
chore n杂事
utility n.工具
I/O 输入/输出
invoke vt调用
mediator n中介者,调停者
The hardware and software used in providing applications to a user can be viewed in a layered or hierarchical fashion, as depicted in Figure 2A-1.
提供给用户的应用程序所使用的硬件和软件可以分层或按等级制度来看待,如图2A-1所示。If one were to develop an application program as a set of machine instructions that is completely responsible for controlling the computer hardware, one would be faced with an overwhelmingly complex undertaking.
如果某人要开发一个应用程序,作为一套完全负责控制计算机硬件的机器指令,那么他将面临一个极其复杂的任务。
2. OS as Resource Manager 操作系统作为资源管理器
词汇
processor n.处理器
intent n目的
timing n定时,同步
relinquish v放弃
kernel n.内核
allocation n分配
execution n.执行
devote vt投入于,贡献
span vt跨越
This includes the kernel, which contains the most frequently used functions in the OS and, at a given time, other portions of the OS currently in use.
这包括内核,它包含操作系统中最常用的功能,以及在特定时间当前正在使用的操作系统的其他部分。The OS decides when an I/O device can be used by a program in execution and controls access to and use of files.
操作系统决定一个I/O设备何时能被执行中的程序使用,并控制对文件的访问和使用。
3. Services Provided by OS 操作系统提供的服务
词汇
editor n. 编辑器
debugger n.调试工具
schedule v.调度
unauthorized a未经授权的
conflict n冲突
malfunction n故障
inability n无能为力
statistic n统计
- Program execution 程序执行
- Access to I/O devices 访问I/O设备
- Controlled access to files 控制文件访问
- System access 系统访问
- Error detection and response 错误检测和响应
- Accounting 会计/计费
For file access, the OS must reflect a detailed understanding of not only the nature of the I/O device but also the structure of the data contained in the files on the storage medium.
对于文件访问,操作系统必须反映出对I/O设备性质以及存储介质上文件中包含的数据结构的详细理解。
For shared or public systems, the OS controls access to the system as a whole and to specific system resources.
对于共享或公共系统,操作系统控制对整个系统的访问以及特定系统资源的访问。
4. Ease of Evolution of an Operating System 操作系统的易于进化
词汇
paging n分页
mechanism n机制
line-at-a-time 行式
modular a模块化的
contemporary a现代化的
inadequate a不够好,不足的
partitioning n分块
- Hardware upgrades plus new types of hardware 硬件升级加上新型硬件
- New services 新服务
- Fixes 修复
An obvious statement is that the system should be modular in construction, with clearly defined interfaces between the modules, and that it should be well documented.
一个显而易见的陈述是,系统应该在构建上是模块化的,模块之间有明确定义的接口,并且它应该有良好的文档记录。
5.The Development of OS 操作系统的发展
词汇
Solaris 操作系统名
enthusiast n热心者
timesharing n分时操作
multitasking n多任务处理
wrestle v斗争
load balancing 负载平衡
compatible a兼容的
isolated a孤立的
vehicle n汽车
appliance n家用电器
enbedded system 嵌入式系统
real-time 实时
oversight n监管
endeaver n努力
illusion n错觉,假象
multi-core 多核
genuinely adv真正地
simultaneously adv同时地
peripheral n外部设备
dispatcher n调度程序
6.Huawei HarmonyOS 华为鸿蒙系统
词汇
organically adv有机地
intelligent terminal 智能终端
in-house operating system 自主研发的操作系统
ecosystem n生态系统
Internal of Things 物联网
open source 开源
练习A1(知识点填空)
An OS is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between applications and the computer hardware.
操作系统是一个控制应用程序执行的程序,充当应用程序和计算机硬件之间的接口。The OS provides a variety of facilities and services, such as editors and debuggers.
操作系统提供各种设施和服务,如编辑器和调试工具。Instructions and data must be loaded into main memory before being executed.
指令和数据在被执行前必须被加载进主存。The OS provides a uniform interface that hides these details so that programmers can access such devices using simple reads and writes.
操作系统提供了一个统一接口,隐藏了这些细节,以便程序员可以使用简单的读写操作来访问这些设备。In the case of a system with multiple users, the OS may provide protection mechanisms to control access to the files.
在有多个用户系统的案例中,操作系统可能提供保护机制来控制对文件的访问。A variety of errors can occur while a computer system is running. These include internal and external hardware errors, and various software errors.
计算机系统运行时可能发生各种错误。这些包括内部和外部硬件错误以及各种软件错误。A good OS will collect usage statistics for various resources and performance parameters such as response time.
一个好的操作系统将收集各种资源的使用统计和性能参数,如响应时间。The use of graphics terminals and page-mode terminals instead of line-at-a-time scroll mode terminals affects OS design.
使用图形终端和页面模式终端而不是逐行滚动模式终端会影响操作系统设计。Any OS has faults. These are discovered over the course of time and fixes are made.
任何操作系统都有缺陷。这些缺陷随着时间被发现,并且进行了修复。For large programs, such as the typical contemporary OS, what might be referred to as straightforward modularization is inadequate.
对于大型程序,例如典型的现代操作系统,所谓的直接模块化是不充分的。
练习A2(词汇翻译)
- Operating System,OS - 操作系统,OS
- execution - 执行
- application program - 应用程序
- interface - 接口
- hierarchical - 分层的
- programmer - 程序员
- instruction - 指令
- utility - 实用程序
- editor - 编辑器
- debugger - 调试器
- I/O - 输入/输出
- scheduling - 调度
- disk drive - 磁盘驱动器
- internal - 内部的
- time-sharing - 实时共享
- multitasking - 多任务
- load balancing - 负载均衡
- embedded system - 嵌入式系统
- real-time - 实时的
- multi-core - 多核的
- dispatcher - 分派器
- scheduler - 调度器
- parameter - 参数
- multi-user - 多用户的
- storage - 存储
- allocation - 分配
- processor - 处理器
- kernel - 内核
- version - 版本
- page - 页面
- modular - 模块化的
- HarmonyOS - 鸿蒙操作系统
- intelligent terminal - 智能终端
- in-house operating system - 自主研发的操作系统
- self-developed operating system - 自行开发的操作系统
- software ecosystem - 软件生态系统
- open source - 开源
翻译(Linux)
Linux
For the computer enthusiast who wants to experiment with the internal components of an operating system, there is Linux.
对于那些想要试验操作系统内部组件的计算机爱好者来说,有Linux。Linux is an operating system originally designed by Linus Torvalds while a student at the University of Helsinki.
Linux是由林纳斯·托瓦兹在赫尔辛基大学学习时最初设计的操作系统。It is a nonproprietary product and available, along with its source code and documentation, without charge.
它是一个非专有产品,连同其源代码和文档一起,免费提供。Because it is freely available in source code form, it has become popular among computer hobbyists, students of operating systems, and programmers in general.
因为它在源代码形式上是自由可用的,所以它在计算机爱好者、操作系统学生和程序员中变得流行。Moreover, Linux is recognized as one of the more reliable operating systems available today.
此外,Linux被认为是当今可用的更可靠的操作系统之一。For this reason, several companies now package and market versions of Linux in an easily useable form and these products are now challenging the long-established commercial operating systems on the market.
因为这个原因,现在有几家公司将Linux打包并以易于使用的形式推向市场,这些产品现在正在挑战市场上长期确立的商业操作系统。You can learn more about Linux from the Web site at http://www.linux.org.
你可以从网站http://www.linux.org了解更多关于Linux的信息。
SectionB Computer Architecture 计算机构造
词汇
central processing unit, CPU 中央处理器,CPU
rack n机架,货架
shrink v收缩,缩水
square n正方形
motherboard n主板
MID(Mobile Internet Devices) 移动互联设备
arithmetic n算数,计算
register n寄存器
extract v提取
stored-program 存储程序
entity n实体
pipelining 流水线
nanosecond n纳秒
throughput n生产量,吞吐量
overlap v重叠,相交
pipe n管子,管道
parallel a并行的
resemble v类似的,像
MIMD(multiple-instruction stream,multiple-data stream) 多指令多数据流
SISD(single-instruction stream,single-data stream) 单指令单数据流
unison n一致,协调
SIMD(single-instruction stream,multiple-data stream)单指令多数据流
conglomerate n集团,聚块
conple v连接
练习B1(知识点填空)
The circuitry in a computer that controls the manipulation of data is called the central processing unit, CPU.
控制计算机数据操作的电路称为中央处理器,简称CPU。A CPU consists of three parts: the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register unit. CPU由三部分组成:算术逻辑单元、控制单元和寄存器单元。
The idea of storing a computer's program in its main memory is called the stored-program concept.
将计算机程序存储在其主存储器中的概念称为存储程序概念。The real goal is to improve the machine's throughput, which refers to the total amount of work the machine can accomplish in a given amount of time. 真正的目标是提高机器的吞吐量,这指的是在给定时间内机器能完成的总工作量。
Pipelining can be viewed as a first step toward parallel processing, which is the performance of several activities at the same time. 流水线处理可以被视为迈向并行处理的第一步,即同时执行多项活动。
练习B2(词汇翻译)
- central processing unit, CPU - 中央处理器,CPU
- microprocessor - 微处理器
- motherboard - 主板
- stored-program concept - 存储程序概念
- register - 寄存器
- pipelining - 流水线技术
- throughput - 吞吐量
- MlMD - 多指令多数据(multiple-instruction stream,multiple-data stream),一种并行处理架构
- parallel processing - 并行处理
- SIMD - 单指令多数据(single-instruction stream,multiple-data stream),一种并行处理架构