1. 系统滴答时钟

1.1 简介

SysTick：系统滴答时钟，属于Cortex-M4内核中的一个外设，24bit向下递减计数。
Systick定时器常用来做延时，或者实时系统的心跳时钟。这样可以节省MCU资源，不用浪费一个定时器。比如UCOS中，分时复用，需要一个最小的时间戳，一般在STM32+UCOS系统中，都采用Systick做UCOS心跳时钟

1.2 配置

用STM32CubeMX配置时钟树时，可以看到Cortex system timer就是滴答时钟

1.3 启动和更新

在STM32CubeMX生成的工程中，滴答时钟启动过程如下：

1. HAL_Init() 初始化时:SystemCoreClock =16000000,
   • HAL_InitTick（）
     • HAL_SYSTICK_Config(SystemCoreClock / (1000U / uwTickFreq))
       • SysTick_Config()

---

SystemCoreClock is updated in three ways:
1) by calling CMSIS function SystemCoreClockUpdate()
2) by calling HAL API function HAL_RCC_GetHCLKFreq()
3) each time HAL_RCC_ClockConfig() is called to configure the system clock frequency

//main()函数启动
/* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

//stm32f4xx_hal.c
HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_Init(void)
{
  /* Configure Flash prefetch, Instruction cache, Data cache */ 
#if (INSTRUCTION_CACHE_ENABLE != 0U)
  __HAL_FLASH_INSTRUCTION_CACHE_ENABLE();
#endif /* INSTRUCTION_CACHE_ENABLE */

#if (DATA_CACHE_ENABLE != 0U)
  __HAL_FLASH_DATA_CACHE_ENABLE();
#endif /* DATA_CACHE_ENABLE */

#if (PREFETCH_ENABLE != 0U)
  __HAL_FLASH_PREFETCH_BUFFER_ENABLE();
#endif /* PREFETCH_ENABLE */

  /* Set Interrupt Group Priority */
  HAL_NVIC_SetPriorityGrouping(NVIC_PRIORITYGROUP_4);

  /* Use systick as time base source and configure 1ms tick (default clock after Reset is HSI) */
  HAL_InitTick(TICK_INT_PRIORITY);

  /* Init the low level hardware */
  HAL_MspInit();

  /* Return function status */
  return HAL_OK;
}

//stm32f4xx_hal.c
__weak HAL_StatusTypeDef HAL_InitTick(uint32_t TickPriority)
{
  /* Configure the SysTick to have interrupt in 1ms time basis*/
  if (HAL_SYSTICK_Config(SystemCoreClock / (1000U / uwTickFreq)) > 0U)
  {
    return HAL_ERROR;
  }

  /* Configure the SysTick IRQ priority */
  if (TickPriority < (1UL << __NVIC_PRIO_BITS))
  {
    HAL_NVIC_SetPriority(SysTick_IRQn, TickPriority, 0U);
    uwTickPrio = TickPriority;
  }
  else
  {
    return HAL_ERROR;
  }

  /* Return function status */
  return HAL_OK;
}

// stm32f4xx_hal_cortex.c
uint32_t HAL_SYSTICK_Config(uint32_t TicksNumb)
{
   return SysTick_Config(TicksNumb);
}

// core_cm4.h
__STATIC_INLINE uint32_t SysTick_Config(uint32_t ticks)
{
  if ((ticks - 1UL) > SysTick_LOAD_RELOAD_Msk)
  {
    return (1UL);                                                   /* Reload value impossible */
  }

  SysTick->LOAD  = (uint32_t)(ticks - 1UL);                         /* set reload register */
  NVIC_SetPriority (SysTick_IRQn, (1UL << __NVIC_PRIO_BITS) - 1UL); /* set Priority for Systick Interrupt */
  SysTick->VAL   = 0UL;                                             /* Load the SysTick Counter Value */
  SysTick->CTRL  = SysTick_CTRL_CLKSOURCE_Msk |
                   SysTick_CTRL_TICKINT_Msk   |
                   SysTick_CTRL_ENABLE_Msk;                         /* Enable SysTick IRQ and SysTick Timer */
  return (0UL);                                                     /* Function successful */
}

2. SystemClock_Config() 时，调用HAL_RCC_ClockConfig()对系统SystemCoreClock更新

• SystemClock_Config();
  • SystemCoreClock = HAL_RCC_GetSysClockFreq() >> AHBPrescTable[(RCC->CFGR & RCC_CFGR_HPRE)>> RCC_CFGR_HPRE_Pos];
  • HAL_InitTick (uwTickPrio);

// main()
/* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};

  /** Configure the main internal regulator output voltage
  */
  __HAL_RCC_PWR_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_PWR_VOLTAGESCALING_CONFIG(PWR_REGULATOR_VOLTAGE_SCALE1);

  /** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
  * in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
  */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSE;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLM = 8;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLN = 336;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLP = RCC_PLLP_DIV2;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLQ = 4;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
  */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                              |RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV4;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV2;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_5) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

// stm32f4xx_hal_rcc.c
HAL_RCC_ClockConfig()
{
HAL_InitTick (uwTickPrio);
}

3. 在中断中更新时钟计数

// stm32f4xx_it.c
void SysTick_Handler(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysTick_IRQn 0 */

  /* USER CODE END SysTick_IRQn 0 */
  HAL_IncTick();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysTick_IRQn 1 */

  /* USER CODE END SysTick_IRQn 1 */
}

// stm32f4xx_hal.c
__weak void HAL_IncTick(void)
{
  uwTick += uwTickFreq;
}

参考：

1. STM32入门：Systick（嘀嗒定时器）学习
2. stm32f4xx-systick系统滴答时钟