喜迎2023，希望所有人都幸福安康！小编在这里给大家放烟花了，希望新的一年疫情嗝屁，霉运全跑！

 开始正文。

1 abs()

绝对值或复数的模

In [1]: abs(-6)
Out[1]: 6

2 all()

接受一个迭代器，如果迭代器的所有元素都为真，那么返回True，否则返回False

In [2]: all([1,0,3,6])
Out[2]: False

In [3]: all([1,2,3])
Out[3]: True

3 any()

接受一个迭代器，如果迭代器里有一个元素为真，那么返回True，否则返回False

In [4]: any([0,0,0,[]])
Out[4]: False

In [5]: any([0,0,1])
Out[5]: True

4 ascii()

调用对象的repr() 方法，获得该方法的返回值
In [30]: class Student():
    ...:     def __init__(self,id,name):
    ...:         self.id = id
    ...:         self.name = name
    ...:     def __repr__(self):
    ...:         return 'id = '+self.id +', name = '+self.name

In [33]: print(xiaoming)
id = 001, name = xiaoming

In [34]: ascii(xiaoming)
Out[34]: 'id = 001, name = xiaoming'

5 dict()

创建数据字典

In [92]: dict()
Out[92]: {}

In [93]: dict(a='a',b='b')
Out[93]: {'a': 'a', 'b': 'b'}

In [94]: dict(zip(['a','b'],[1,2]))
Out[94]: {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

In [95]: dict([('a',1),('b',2)])
Out[95]: {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

6 dir()

不带参数时返回当前范围内的变量，方法和定义的类型列表；带参数时返回参数的属性，方法列表。

In [96]: dir(xiaoming)
Out[96]:
['__class__',
 '__delattr__',
 '__dict__',
 '__dir__',
 '__doc__',
 '__eq__',
 '__format__',
 '__ge__',
 '__getattribute__',
 '__gt__',
 '__hash__',
 '__init__',
 '__init_subclass__',
 '__le__',
 '__lt__',
 '__module__',
 '__ne__',
 '__new__',
 '__reduce__',
 '__reduce_ex__',
 '__repr__',
 '__setattr__',
 '__sizeof__',
 '__str__',
 '__subclasshook__',
 '__weakref__',

 'name']

7 divmod()

分别取商和余数

In [97]: divmod(10,3)
Out[97]: (3, 1)

8  isinstance(object, classinfo)

判断object是否为类classinfo的实例，是返回true

In [20]: class Student():
    ...:     ...:     def __init__(self,id,name):
    ...:     ...:         self.id = id
    ...:     ...:         self.name = name
    ...:     ...:     def __repr__(self):
    ...:     ...:         return 'id = '+self.id +', name = '+self.name
    ...:

In [21]: xiaoming = Student('001','xiaoming')

In [22]: isinstance(xiaoming,Student)
Out[22]: True

9 issubclass(class, classinfo)

如果class是classinfo类的子类，返回True：

In [27]: class undergraduate(Student):
    ...:     def studyClass(self):
    ...:         pass
    ...:     def attendActivity(self):
    ...:         pass
    ...:

In [28]: issubclass(undergraduate,Student)
Out[28]: True

In [29]: issubclass(object,Student)
Out[29]: False

In [30]: issubclass(Student,object)
Out[30]: True
如果class是classinfo元组中某个元素的子类，也会返回True
In [26]: issubclass(int,(int,float))
Out[26]: True

10 iter(object, sentinel)

返回一个可迭代对象, sentinel可省略

In [72]: lst = [1,3,5]

In [73]: for i in iter(lst):
    ...:     print(i)
    ...:
1
3
5

sentinel 理解为迭代对象的哨兵，一旦迭代到此元素，立即终止：

In [81]: class TestIter(object):
    ...:         def __init__(self):
    ...:             self.l=[1,3,2,3,4,5]
    ...:             self.i=iter(self.l)
    ...:         def __call__(self):  #定义了__call__方法的类的实例是可调用的
    ...:             item = next(self.i)
    ...:             print ("__call__ is called,which would return",item)
    ...:             return item
    ...:         def __iter__(self): #支持迭代协议(即定义有__iter__()函数)
    ...:             print ("__iter__ is called!!")
    ...:             return iter(self.l)
    ...:

In [82]:     t = TestIter()
    ...:     t1 = iter(t, 3)
    ...:     for i in t1:
    ...:         print(i)
    ...:
__call__ is called,which would return 1
1
__call__ is called,which would return 3

11 max(iterable,*[, key, default])

返回最大值：

In [99]: max(3,1,4,2,1)
Out[99]: 4

In [100]: max((),default=0)
Out[100]: 0

In [89]: di = {'a':3,'b1':1,'c':4}
In [90]: max(di)
Out[90]: 'c'

In [102]: a = [{'name':'xiaoming','age':18,'gender':'male'},{'name':'
     ...: xiaohong','age':20,'gender':'female'}]
In [104]: max(a,key=lambda x: x['age'])
Out[104]: {'name': 'xiaohong', 'age': 20, 'gender': 'female'}

12 min(iterable,*[, key, default])

返回最小值

13 memoryview(obj)

返回由给定实参创建的“内存视图”对象， Python 代码访问一个对象的内部数据，只要该对象支持 缓冲区协议 而无需进行拷贝

14 next(iterator,[, default])

返回可迭代对象的下一个元素

In [129]: it = iter([5,3,4,1])

In [130]: next(it)
Out[130]: 5

In [131]: next(it)
Out[131]: 3

In [132]: next(it)
Out[132]: 4

In [133]: next(it)
Out[133]: 1

In [134]: next(it,0) #迭代到头，默认返回值为0
Out[134]: 0

In [135]: next(it)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
StopIteration                        Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-135-bc1ab118995a> in <module>
----> 1 next(it)

StopIteration:

15 object()

返回一个没有特征的新对象。object 是所有类的基类。

15 object()

返回一个没有特征的新对象。object 是所有类的基类。

更多资源

我整理了更多关于Java，Python的学习资源，视频+文档+源码+项目，零基础和进阶的都有

如果有需要，可以关注我的公众号“IT就自学”回复Python、Java免费获取哦

更多资源也可以直接私信我！