【RESTful API】RESTful接口设计练习

参考：

BV1Ps4y1J7Ve

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

一、RESTful框架

常见的有SpringMVC，jersey，play

二、API测试工具

Postman，Insomnia

三、RESTful接口设计练习

3.1 项目准备

构建一个标准的Springboot项目，使用web环境

（1）SpringBoot的依赖配置

<!-- SpringBoot的依赖配置 -->
    <parent> <!-- 继承一个springboot父项目 -->
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.7.16</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency> <!-- web相关依赖 -->
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency> <!-- 构建实体对象中的get,set方法 -->
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
            <version>1.18.12</version>
            <scope>provided</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

将其复制到项目的pom.xml文件的<project></project>中。

（2）配置application.properties

server.port=8080

（3）编辑实体类，启动类，controller类

实体类：

package com.wangjingwen.rest.domain;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;

@Getter
@Setter
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
public class Employee {
    private Long id;
    private String name;
    private int age;
}

启动类：

package com.wangjingwen.rest;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class App {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(App.class, args);
    }
}

controller类：

package com.wangjingwen.rest.controller;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

// 员工的对外接口声明类（员工控制层）
@Controller
public class EmployeeController {
    @RequestMapping("/hello")
    @ResponseBody
    public String hello(){
        return "ok";
    }
}

3.2 接口设计

3.2.1 获取所有员工信息

（1）请求路径：确认资源 —— /employees

（2）请求方式：查询 —— GET

（3）请求参数：无

（4）请求响应：多个员工 —— List<Employee> —— json格式

注：在浏览器地址栏里发起的请求都是GET方式的请求

当创建了了JsonResult类之后（JsonResult代码见3.2.4），可将代码修改为：

3.2.2 新增一个员工

（1）请求路径：确认资源 —— /employees

（2）请求方式：添加 —— POST

（3）请求参数：员工相关属性 —— name, age, ...

（4）请求响应：新增员工对象 —— Employee —— json格式

因为在浏览器地址栏里发起的请求都是GET方式的请求，所以在这里要用到测试工具Postman。

3.2.3 更新一个员工

3.2.4 删除一个员工

package com.wangjingwen.rest.util;

import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;

@Setter
@Getter
public class JsonResult {
    private int code;   // 请求操作完之后返回的状态码：操作成功200，操作失败500，没有登录403
    private String msg; // 请求操作之后返回的信息
    private Object data;    //请求响应的数据

    public JsonResult(int code, String msg, Object data){
        this.code = code;
        this.msg = msg;
        this.data = data;
    }

    public static JsonResult error(String msg){
        return new JsonResult(500, msg, null);
    }
    public static JsonResult error(String msg, Object data){
        return new JsonResult(500, msg, data);
    }
    public static JsonResult success(){
        return new JsonResult(200, "操作成功", null);
    }
    public static JsonResult success(Object data){
        return new JsonResult(200, "操作成功", data);
    }

}

3.2.5 获取一个员工信息

传入多个参数时：

    @RequestMapping(value = "/employees/{id}/{name}/{age}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    @ResponseBody
    public Employee info3(Employee employee){   // 这里自动放入employee对象中了，等于@PathVariable Long id, @PathVariable String name, @PathVariable int age
        return employee;
    }

3.3 参数路径扩展

3.4 页面请求接口

需求：页面有五个按钮，点击发起异步请求，访问对应restful接口。

1. 用jquery的方式绑定事件：导入jquery.js

/*! jQuery v@1.8.1 jquery.com | jquery.org/license */
(function(a,b){function G(a){var b=F[a]={};return p.each(a.split(s),function(a,c){b[c]=!0}),b}function J(a,c,d){if(d===b&&a.nodeType===1){var e="data-"+c.replace(I,"-$1").toLowerCase();d=a.getAttribute(e);if(typeof d=="string"){try{d=d==="true"?!0:d==="false"?!1:d==="null"?null:+d+""===d?+d:H.test(d)?p.parseJSON(d):d}catch(f){}p.data(a,c,d)}else d=b}return d}function K(a){var b;for(b in a){if(b==="data"&&p.isEmptyObject(a[b]))continue;if(b!=="toJSON")return!1}return!0}function ba(){return!1}function bb(){return!0}function bh(a){return!a||!a.parentNode||a.parentNode.nodeType===11}function bi(a,b){do a=a[b];while(a&&a.nodeType!==1);return a}function bj(a,b,c){b=b||0;if(p.isFunction(b))return p.grep(a,function(a,d){var e=!!b.call(a,d,a);return e===c});if(b.nodeType)return p.grep(a,function(a,d){return a===b===c});if(typeof b=="string"){var d=p.grep(a,function(a){return a.nodeType===1});if(be.test(b))return p.filter(b,d,!c);b=p.filter(b,d)}return p.grep(a,function(a,d){return p.inArray(a,b)>=0===c})}function bk(a){var b=bl.split("|"),c=a.createDocumentFragment();if(c.createElement)while(b.length)c.createElement(b.pop());return c}function bC(a,b){return a.getElementsByTagName(b)[0]||a.appendChild(a.ownerDocument.createElement(b))}function bD(a,b){if(b.nodeType!==1||!p.hasData(a))return;var c,d,e,f=p._data(a),g=p._data(b,f),h=f.events;if(h){delete g.handle,g.events={};for(c in h)for(d=0,e=h[c].length;d<e;d++)p.event.add(b,c,h[c][d])}g.data&&(g.data=p.extend({},g.data))}function bE(a,b){var c;if(b.nodeType!==1)return;b.clearAttributes&&b.clearAttributes(),b.mergeAttributes&&b.mergeAttributes(a),c=b.nodeName.toLowerCase(),c==="object"?(b.parentNode&&(b.outerHTML=a.outerHTML),p.support.html5Clone&&a.innerHTML&&!p.trim(b.innerHTML)&&(b.innerHTML=a.innerHTML)):c==="input"&&bv.test(a.type)?(b.defaultChecked=b.checked=a.checked,b.value!==a.value&&(b.value=a.value)):c==="option"?b.selected=a.defaultSelected:c==="input"||c==="textarea"?b.defaultValue=a.defaultValue:c==="script"&&b.text!==a.text&&(b.text=a.text),b.removeAttribute(p.expando)}function bF(a){return typeof a.getElementsByTagName!="undefined"?a.getElementsByTagName("*"):typeof a.querySelectorAll!="undefined"?a.querySelectorAll("*"):[]}function bG(a){bv.test(a.type)&&(a.defaultChecked=a.checked)}function bY(a,b){if(b in a)return b;var c=b.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+b.slice(1),d=b,e=bW.length;while(e--){b=bW[e]+c;if(b in a)return b}return d}function bZ(a,b){return a=b||a,p.css(a,"display")==="none"||!p.contains(a.ownerDocument,a)}function b$(a,b){var c,d,e=[],f=0,g=a.length;for(;f<g;f++){c=a[f];if(!c.style)continue;e[f]=p._data(c,"olddisplay"),b?(!e[f]&&c.style.display==="none"&&(c.style.display=""),c.style.display===""&&bZ(c)&&(e[f]=p._data(c,"olddisplay",cc(c.nodeName)))):(d=bH(c,"display"),!e[f]&&d!=="none"&&p._data(c,"olddisplay",d))}for(f=0;f<g;f++){c=a[f];if(!c.style)continue;if(!b||c.style.display==="none"||c.style.display==="")c.style.display=b?e[f]||"":"none"}return a}function b_(a,b,c){var d=bP.exec(b);return d?Math.max(0,d[1]-(c||0))+(d[2]||"px"):b}function ca(a,b,c,d){var e=c===(d?"border":"content")?4:b==="width"?1:0,f=0;for(;e<4;e+=2)c==="margin"&&(f+=p.css(a,c+bV[e],!0)),d?(c==="content"&&(f-=parseFloat(bH(a,"padding"+bV[e]))||0),c!=="margin"&&(f-=parseFloat(bH(a,"border"+bV[e]+"Width"))||0)):(f+=parseFloat(bH(a,"padding"+bV[e]))||0,c!=="padding"&&(f+=parseFloat(bH(a,"border"+bV[e]+"Width"))||0));return f}function cb(a,b,c){var d=b==="width"?a.offsetWidth:a.offsetHeight,e=!0,f=p.support.boxSizing&&p.css(a,"boxSizing")==="border-box";if(d<=0||d==null){d=bH(a,b);if(d<0||d==null)d=a.style[b];if(bQ.test(d))return d;e=f&&(p.support.boxSizingReliable||d===a.style[b]),d=parseFloat(d)||0}return d+ca(a,b,c||(f?"border":"content"),e)+"px"}function cc(a){if(bS[a])return bS[a];var b=p("<"+a+">").appendTo(e.body),c=b.css("display");b.remove();if(c==="none"||c===""){bI=e.body.appendChild(bI||p.extend(e.createElement("iframe"),{frameBorder:0,width:0,height:0}));if(!bJ||!bI.createElement)bJ=(bI.contentWindow||bI.contentDocument).document,bJ.write("<!doctype html><html><body>"),bJ.close();b=bJ.body.appendChild(bJ.createElement(a)),c=bH(b,"display"),e.body.removeChild(bI)}return bS[a]=c,c}function ci(a,b,c,d){var e;if(p.isArray(b))p.each(b,function(b,e){c||ce.test(a)?d(a,e):ci(a+"["+(typeof e=="object"?b:"")+"]",e,c,d)});else if(!c&&p.type(b)==="object")for(e in b)ci(a+"["+e+"]",b[e],c,d);else d(a,b)}function cz(a){return function(b,c){typeof b!="string"&&(c=b,b="*");var d,e,f,g=b.toLowerCase().split(s),h=0,i=g.length;if(p.isFunction(c))for(;h<i;h++)d=g[h],f=/^\+/.test(d),f&&(d=d.substr(1)||"*"),e=a[d]=a[d]||[],e[f?"unshift":"push"](c)}}function cA(a,c,d,e,f,g){f=f||c.dataTypes[0],g=g||{},g[f]=!0;var h,i=a[f],j=0,k=i?i.length:0,l=a===cv;for(;j<k&&(l||!h);j++)h=i[j](c,d,e),typeof h=="string"&&(!l||g[h]?h=b:(c.dataTypes.unshift(h),h=cA(a,c,d,e,h,g)));return(l||!h)&&!g["*"]&&(h=cA(a,c,d,e,"*",g)),h}function cB(a,c){var d,e,f=p.ajaxSettings.flatOptions||{};for(d in c)c[d]!==b&&((f[d]?a:e||(e={}))[d]=c[d]);e&&p.extend(!0,a,e)}function cC(a,c,d){var e,f,g,h,i=a.contents,j=a.dataTypes,k=a.responseFields;for(f in k)f in d&&(c[k[f]]=d[f]);while(j[0]==="*")j.shift(),e===b&&(e=a.mimeType||c.getResponseHeader("content-type"));if(e)for(f in i)if(i[f]&&i[f].test(e)){j.unshift(f);break}if(j[0]in d)g=j[0];else{for(f in d){if(!j[0]||a.converters[f+" "+j[0]]){g=f;break}h||(h=f)}g=g||h}if(g)return g!==j[0]&&j.unshift(g),d[g]}function cD(a,b){var c,d,e,f,g=a.dataTypes.slice(),h=g[0],i={},j=0;a.dataFilter&&(b=a.dataFilter(b,a.dataType));if(g[1])for(c in a.converters)i[c.toLowerCase()]=a.converters[c];for(;e=g[++j];)if(e!=="*"){if(h!=="*"&&h!==e){c=i[h+" "+e]||i["* "+e];if(!c)for(d in i){f=d.split(" ");if(f[1]===e){c=i[h+" "+f[0]]||i["* "+f[0]];if(c){c===!0?c=i[d]:i[d]!==!0&&(e=f[0],g.splice(j--,0,e));break}}}if(c!==!0)if(c&&a["throws"])b=c(b);else try{b=c(b)}catch(k){return{state:"parsererror",error:c?k:"No conversion from "+h+" to "+e}}}h=e}return{state:"success",data:b}}function cL(){try{return new a.XMLHttpRequest}catch(b){}}function cM(){try{return new a.ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}catch(b){}}function cU(){return setTimeout(function(){cN=b},0),cN=p.now()}function cV(a,b){p.each(b,function(b,c){var d=(cT[b]||[]).concat(cT["*"]),e=0,f=d.length;for(;e<f;e++)if(d[e].call(a,b,c))return})}function cW(a,b,c){var d,e=0,f=0,g=cS.length,h=p.Deferred().always(function(){delete i.elem}),i=function(){var b=cN||cU(),c=Math.max(0,j.startTime+j.duration-b),d=1-(c/j.duration||0),e=0,f=j.tweens.length;for(;e<f;e++)j.tweens[e].run(d);return h.notifyWith(a,[j,d,c]),d<1&&f?c:(h.resolveWith(a,[j]),!1)},j=h.promise({elem:a,props:p.extend({},b),opts:p.extend(!0,{specialEasing:{}},c),originalProperties:b,originalOptions:c,startTime:cN||cU(),duration:c.duration,tweens:[],createTween:function(b,c,d){var e=p.Tween(a,j.opts,b,c,j.opts.specialEasing[b]||j.opts.easing);return j.tweens.push(e),e},stop:function(b){var c=0,d=b?j.tweens.length:0;for(;c<d;c++)j.tweens[c].run(1);return b?h.resolveWith(a,[j,b]):h.rejectWith(a,[j,b]),this}}),k=j.props;cX(k,j.opts.specialEasing);for(;e<g;e++){d=cS[e].call(j,a,k,j.opts);if(d)return d}return cV(j,k),p.isFunction(j.opts.start)&&j.opts.start.call(a,j),p.fx.timer(p.extend(i,{anim:j,queue:j.opts.queue,elem:a})),j.progress(j.opts.progress).done(j.opts.done,j.opts.complete).fail(j.opts.fail).always(j.opts.always)}function cX(a,b){var c,d,e,f,g;for(c in a){d=p.camelCase(c),e=b[d],f=a[c],p.isArray(f)&&(e=f[1],f=a[c]=f[0]),c!==d&&(a[d]=f,delete a[c]),g=p.cssHooks[d];if(g&&"expand"in g){f=g.expand(f),delete a[d];for(c in f)c in a||(a[c]=f[c],b[c]=e)}else b[d]=e}}function cY(a,b,c){var d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l=this,m=a.style,n={},o=[],q=a.nodeType&&bZ(a);c.queue||(j=p._queueHooks(a,"fx"),j.unqueued==null&&(j.unqueued=0,k=j.empty.fire,j.empty.fire=function(){j.unqueued||k()}),j.unqueued++,l.always(function(){l.always(function(){j.unqueued--,p.queue(a,"fx").length||j.empty.fire()})})),a.nodeType===1&&("height"in b||"width"in b)&&(c.overflow=[m.overflow,m.overflowX,m.overflowY],p.css(a,"display")==="inline"&&p.css(a,"float")==="none"&&(!p.support.inlineBlockNeedsLayout||cc(a.nodeName)==="inline"?m.display="inline-block":m.zoom=1)),c.overflow&&(m.overflow="hidden",p.support.shrinkWrapBlocks||l.done(function(){m.overflow=c.overflow[0],m.overflowX=c.overflow[1],m.overflowY=c.overflow[2]}));for(d in b){f=b[d];if(cP.exec(f)){delete b[d];if(f===(q?"hide":"show"))continue;o.push(d)}}g=o.length;if(g){h=p._data(a,"fxshow")||p._data(a,"fxshow",{}),q?p(a).show():l.done(function(){p(a).hide()}),l.done(function(){var b;p.removeData(a,"fxshow",!0);for(b in n)p.style(a,b,n[b])});for(d=0;d<g;d++)e=o[d],i=l.createTween(e,q?h[e]:0),n[e]=h[e]||p.style(a,e),e in h||(h[e]=i.start,q&&(i.end=i.start,i.start=e==="width"||e==="height"?1:0))}}function cZ(a,b,c,d,e){return new cZ.prototype.init(a,b,c,d,e)}function c$(a,b){var c,d={height:a},e=0;b=b?1:0;for(;e<4;e+=2-b)c=bV[e],d["margin"+c]=d["padding"+c]=a;return b&&(d.opacity=d.width=a),d}function da(a){return p.isWindow(a)?a:a.nodeType===9?a.defaultView||a.parentWindow:!1}var c,d,e=a.document,f=a.location,g=a.navigator,h=a.jQuery,i=a.$,j=Array.prototype.push,k=Array.prototype.slice,l=Array.prototype.indexOf,m=Object.prototype.toString,n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,o=String.prototype.trim,p=function(a,b){return new p.fn.init(a,b,c)},q=/[\-+]?(?:\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][\-+]?\d+|)/.source,r=/\S/,s=/\s+/,t=/^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g,u=/^(?:[^#<]*(<[\w\W]+>)[^>]*$|#([\w\-]*)$)/,v=/^<(\w+)\s*\/?>(?:<\/\1>|)$/,w=/^[\],:{}\s]*$/,x=/(?:^|:|,)(?:\s*\[)+/g,y=/\\(?:["\\\/bfnrt]|u[\da-fA-F]{4})/g,z=/"[^"\\\r\n]*"|true|false|null|-?(?:\d\d*\.|)\d+(?:[eE][\-+]?\d+|)/g,A=/^-ms-/,B=/-([\da-z])/gi,C=function(a,b){return(b+"").toUpperCase()},D=function(){e.addEventListener?(e.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",D,!1),p.ready()):e.readyState==="complete"&&(e.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",D),p.ready())},E={};p.fn=p.prototype={constructor:p,init:function(a,c,d){var f,g,h,i;if(!a)return this;if(a.nodeType)return this.context=this[0]=a,this.length=1,this;if(typeof a=="string"){a.charAt(0)==="<"&&a.charAt(a.length-1)===">"&&a.length>=3?f=[null,a,null]:f=u.exec(a);if(f&&(f[1]||!c)){if(f[1])return c=c instanceof p?c[0]:c,i=c&&c.nodeType?c.ownerDocument||c:e,a=p.parseHTML(f[1],i,!0),v.test(f[1])&&p.isPlainObject(c)&&this.attr.call(a,c,!0),p.merge(this,a);g=e.getElementById(f[2]);if(g&&g.parentNode){if(g.id!==f[2])return d.find(a);this.length=1,this[0]=g}return this.context=e,this.selector=a,this}return!c||c.jquery?(c||d).find(a):this.constructor(c).find(a)}return p.isFunction(a)?d.ready(a):(a.selector!==b&&(this.selector=a.selector,this.context=a.context),p.makeArray(a,this))},selector:"",jquery:"1.8.1",length:0,size:function(){return this.length},toArray:function(){return k.call(this)},get:function(a){return a==null?this.toArray():a<0?this[this.length+a]:this[a]},pushStack:function(a,b,c){var d=p.merge(this.constructor(),a);return d.prevObject=this,d.context=this.context,b==="find"?d.selector=this.selector+(this.selector?" ":"")+c:b&&(d.selector=this.selector+"."+b+"("+c+")"),d},each:function(a,b){return p.each(this,a,b)},ready:function(a){return p.ready.promise().done(a),this},eq:function(a){return a=+a,a===-1?this.slice(a):this.slice(a,a+1)},first:function(){return this.eq(0)},last:function(){return this.eq(-1)},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(k.apply(this,arguments),"slice",k.call(arguments).join(","))},map:function(a){return this.pushStack(p.map(this,function(b,c){return a.call(b,c,b)}))},end:function(){return this.prevObject||this.constructor(null)},push:j,sort:[].sort,splice:[].splice},p.fn.init.prototype=p.fn,p.extend=p.fn.extend=function(){var a,c,d,e,f,g,h=arguments[0]||{},i=1,j=arguments.length,k=!1;typeof h=="boolean"&&(k=h,h=arguments[1]||{},i=2),typeof h!="object"&&!p.isFunction(h)&&(h={}),j===i&&(h=this,--i);for(;i<j;i++)if((a=arguments[i])!=null)for(c in a){d=h[c],e=a[c];if(h===e)continue;k&&e&&(p.isPlainObject(e)||(f=p.isArray(e)))?(f?(f=!1,g=d&&p.isArray(d)?d:[]):g=d&&p.isPlainObject(d)?d:{},h[c]=p.extend(k,g,e)):e!==b&&(h[c]=e)}return h},p.extend({noConflict:function(b){return a.$===p&&(a.$=i),b&&a.jQuery===p&&(a.jQuery=h),p},isReady:!1,readyWait:1,holdReady:function(a){a?p.readyWait++:p.ready(!0)},ready:function(a){if(a===!0?--p.readyWait:p.isReady)return;if(!e.body)return setTimeout(p.ready,1);p.isReady=!0;if(a!==!0&&--p.readyWait>0)return;d.resolveWith(e,[p]),p.fn.trigger&&p(e).trigger("ready").off("ready")},isFunction:function(a){return p.type(a)==="function"},isArray:Array.isArray||function(a){return p.type(a)==="array"},isWindow:function(a){return a!=null&&a==a.window},isNumeric:function(a){return!isNaN(parseFloat(a))&&isFinite(a)},type:function(a){return a==null?String(a):E[m.call(a)]||"object"},isPlainObject:function(a){if(!a||p.type(a)!=="object"||a.nodeType||p.isWindow(a))return!1;try{if(a.constructor&&!n.call(a,"constructor")&&!n.call(a.constructor.prototype,"isPrototypeOf"))return!1}catch(c){return!1}var d;for(d in a);return d===b||n.call(a,d)},isEmptyObject:function(a){var b;for(b in a)return!1;return!0},error:function(a){throw new Error(a)},parseHTML:function(a,b,c){var d;return!a||typeof a!="string"?null:(typeof b=="boolean"&&(c=b,b=0),b=b||e,(d=v.exec(a))?[b.createElement(d[1])]:(d=p.buildFragment([a],b,c?null:[]),p.merge([],(d.cacheable?p.clone(d.fragment):d.fragment).childNodes)))},parseJSON:function(b){if(!b||typeof b!="string")return null;b=p.trim(b);if(a.JSON&&a.JSON.parse)return a.JSON.parse(b);if(w.test(b.replace(y,"@").replace(z,"]").replace(x,"")))return(new Function("return "+b))();p.error("Invalid JSON: "+b)},parseXML:function(c){var d,e;if(!c||typeof c!="string")return null;try{a.DOMParser?(e=new DOMParser,d=e.parseFromString(c,"text/xml")):(d=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM"),d.async="false",d.loadXML(c))}catch(f){d=b}return(!d||!d.documentElement||d.getElementsByTagName("parsererror").length)&&p.error("Invalid XML: "+c),d},noop:function(){},globalEval:function(b){b&&r.test(b)&&(a.execScript||function(b){a.eval.call(a,b)})(b)},camelCase:function(a){return a.replace(A,"ms-").replace(B,C)},nodeName:function(a,b){return a.nodeName&&a.nodeName.toUpperCase()==