区别一：句子结构

• 口语中结构更为简单，较少使用从句
  • 只有少量高频连词（and / but / or / so / because / if / when）
  • 正式： While the region was remarkable for its natural beauty, the family experienced seriously disappointing weather, which continued throughout their stay.
  • 口语： The place was lovely, but the weather was terrible the whole time.

区别二：被动语态

• 书面语中更常见被动语态

区别三：信息聚集程度

• 在书面语中，需要表达的信息经常会大量汇聚在一起从而写出比较复杂的结构；在口语中信息往往是一块儿一块儿出现的，便于听者理解

  • 正式： a carefully constructed progressive three-level course incorporating built-in oral and written revision tests.

  • 口语： a course with three-level, it’s carefully put together, it’s progressive, and it has got some oral and written tests.

区别四：口语中的前置

• 宾语前置： You can’t get those shirts any more.
• 书面语：倒装的条件（as / if / 否定词 / 副词 / so that）
• 口语：
  • always gets it wrong, that woman.
  • hasn’t a chance, Fred.

口语语法中的三种特殊疑问句

Declarative questions

• 功能：主要用于表达需要核实自己所讲的内容是否正确的时候
• 在口语中并不总需要疑问句的语序进行疑问表达，声调也可以将陈述句转化为疑问句的功能
  • You’re working tomorrow?
  • This is your car? = I suppose this is your car, isn’t it?
  • When are you going?
    You’re going? 不能是 When you’re going?

Echo questions 反问

• 要质疑别人已经说过的内容，可以简单重复对方说的话，注意，升调是比较常见的处理方法
  • I’m getting married.
  • You’re getting married?
• 【补充】只要质疑别人所说的话中某部分信息时，可以重复其他的部分，需要质疑的部分用疑问词替代即可
  • Take a look at that bird.
    Take a look at what?
  • She’s invited 133 people to dinner.
    She’s invited how many?
• 【补充】如果需要质疑的是对方所说的话中的动词
  • 用 what / do what
  • She set fire to the garage.
  • She what / did what ?

Rhetorical questions 反问

• 不一定在询问未知信息，可能答案很明显或没有答案的问句会出现，功能在于向别人介绍某些信息
  • Do you know what time it is?
  • Who’s a lovely baby?
  • What’s this?
• 【补充】why should … ? How should / would I know?（极具攻击性）
  • Didn’t I tell you

口语语法习题

1. formal or informal

1.I 2.× 3.I 4.I 5.I 6.× 7.I 8.I 9.× 10.I 11.× 12.I 13.I 14.×

1. 判断正误（Echo questions）

1.T 2.T 3.F, you’ve bought what 4.F, I’m doing? 5.T

6.T 7.F, she’s going to marry who? 8.T 9.T 10.F, to whom