映射（Mapping）

说到映射（Mapping），有过其它编程语言经验的您，对这是再熟悉不过了。Solidity 中的映射（Mapping） 与Java的Map、Go里的Map以及javascript的JSON等众多编程语言中的Map一样，是用来存储一组键（Key） 值（Value），可通过键（Key）来获取对应的值。

Solidity 声明映射（Mapping）格式为：

mapping(KeyType => ValueType)  //KeyType 键（key）类型   ValueType 值（Value）类型

mapping(uint => address) public addr;

映射中对键、值类型限制

• 1、mapping(KeyType => ValueType)，其中KeyType可以是除了变长数组、合约、枚举以及结构体的所有类型。然而ValueType对类型没有任何限制，甚至可以包括映射类型`。
• 2、映射的存储位置只能是存储（storage），因此便只允许作为状态变量、函数内的存储（storage）引用以及作为库函数的参数。但不能用于public函数的参数或返回结果中，因为mapping记录的是一种关系 (key - value pair)。
• 3、可将映射类型的状态变量声明为public，我们知道，在 Solidity 中，凡是将状态变量声明为public，Solidity 便会自动生成一个getter函数，可通过mapping中的键（key）获取对应的值（value）。

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.4.0;

contract MappingExample {
    mapping(address => uint) public balances;

    function update(uint newBalance) public {
        balances[msg.sender] = newBalance;
    }
}

contract MappingUser {
    function f() public returns (uint) {
        MappingExample m = new MappingExample();
        m.update(100);
        return m.balances(this);
    }
}

下面是ERC20 Token 的简单版本． _allowances 是一个嵌套mapping的例子． _allowances 用来记录其他的账号，可以允许从其账号使用多少数量的币．

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity >=0.4.22 <0.9.0;

contract MappingExample {

    mapping (address => uint256) private _balances;
    mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) private _allowances;

    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view returns (uint256) {
        return _allowances[owner][spender];
    }

    function transferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) public returns (bool) {
        require(_allowances[sender][msg.sender] >= amount, "ERC20: Allowance not high enough.");
        _allowances[sender][msg.sender] -= amount;
        _transfer(sender, recipient, amount);
        return true;
    }

    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) public returns (bool) {
        require(spender != address(0), "ERC20: approve to the zero address");

        _allowances[msg.sender][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(msg.sender, spender, amount);
        return true;
    }

    function _transfer(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(sender != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address");
        require(recipient != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address");
        require(_balances[sender] >= amount, "ERC20: Not enough funds.");

        _balances[sender] -= amount;
        _balances[recipient] += amount;
        emit Transfer(sender, recipient, amount);
    }
}

可迭代的映射

Solidity 中的映射本身是无法遍历的，即获取每一组键值对。不过，可通过结构体来实现迭代。

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.8;

struct IndexValue { uint keyIndex; uint value; }
struct KeyFlag { uint key; bool deleted; }

struct itmap {
    mapping(uint => IndexValue) data;
    KeyFlag[] keys;
    uint size;
}

type Iterator is uint;  //自定义一个新类型

library IterableMapping {
    function insert(itmap storage self, uint key, uint value) internal returns (bool replaced) {
        uint keyIndex = self.data[key].keyIndex;
        self.data[key].value = value;
        if (keyIndex > 0)
            return true;
        else {
            keyIndex = self.keys.length;

            self.keys.push();
            self.data[key].keyIndex = keyIndex + 1;
            self.keys[keyIndex].key = key;
            self.size++;
            return false;
        }
    }

    function remove(itmap storage self, uint key) internal returns (bool success) {
        uint keyIndex = self.data[key].keyIndex;
        if (keyIndex == 0)
            return false;
        delete self.data[key];
        self.keys[keyIndex - 1].deleted = true;
        self.size --;
    }

    function contains(itmap storage self, uint key) internal view returns (bool) {
        return self.data[key].keyIndex > 0;
    }

    function iterateStart(itmap storage self) internal view returns (Iterator) {
        return iteratorSkipDeleted(self, 0);
    }

    function iterateValid(itmap storage self, Iterator iterator) internal view returns (bool) {
        return Iterator.unwrap(iterator) < self.keys.length;
    }

    function iterateNext(itmap storage self, Iterator iterator) internal view returns (Iterator) {
        return iteratorSkipDeleted(self, Iterator.unwrap(iterator) + 1);
    }

    function iterateGet(itmap storage self, Iterator iterator) internal view returns (uint key, uint value) {
        uint keyIndex = Iterator.unwrap(iterator);
        key = self.keys[keyIndex].key;
        value = self.data[key].value;
    }

    function iteratorSkipDeleted(itmap storage self, uint keyIndex) private view returns (Iterator) {
        while (keyIndex < self.keys.length && self.keys[keyIndex].deleted)
            keyIndex++;
        return Iterator.wrap(keyIndex);
    }
}

// 如何使用
contract User {
    // Just a struct holding our data.
    itmap data;
    // Apply library functions to the data type.
    using IterableMapping for itmap;

    // Insert something
    function insert(uint k, uint v) public returns (uint size) {
        // This calls IterableMapping.insert(data, k, v)
        data.insert(k, v);
        // We can still access members of the struct,
        // but we should take care not to mess with them.
        return data.size;
    }

    // Computes the sum of all stored data.
    function sum() public view returns (uint s) {
        for (
            Iterator i = data.iterateStart();
            data.iterateValid(i);
            i = data.iterateNext(i)
        ) {
            (, uint value) = data.iterateGet(i);
            s += value;
        }
    }
}