一、self-instruct流程

• 四部曲：指令生成；分类任务识别；实例生成；过滤和后处理。
• 为了实证评估SELF-INSTRUCT，在GPT3（Brown等人，2020）上运行该框架，在这个模型上的SELF-INSTRUCT迭代过程产出了大约52K条指令，以及大约82K个实例输入和目标输出对。结果数据提供了多种多样的创造性任务，其中50%以上的任务与种子指令的重合度低于0.3 ROUGE-L（§4.2）。可以利用生成的指令数据微调其他大模型。

二、具体过程

1. 指令生成

• 175个种子任务（每个对应1个指令+1个实例），从该任务池中随机抽取8个task，其中6条为175个人工手写的数据，2个是之前步骤模型生成中抽取的
• 其中请求的prompt模板如下：

Come up with a series of tasks:
Task 1:  {instruction for existing task 1}
Task 2:  {instruction for existing task 2}
Task 3:  {instruction for existing task 3}
Task 4:  {instruction for existing task 4}
Task 5:  {instruction for existing task 5}
Task 6:  {instruction for existing task 6}
Task 7:  {instruction for existing task 7}
Task 8:  {instruction for existing task 8}
Task 9:

• alpaca在微调llama时也是用到test-davinci-003用self-instruct方式，prompt如下：

You are asked to come up with a set of 30 diverse task instructions. These task instructions will be given to a GPT model and we will evaluate the GPT model for completing the instructions.

Here are the requirements:
1. Try not to repeat the verb for each instruction to maximize diversity.
2. The language used for the instruction also should be diverse. For example, you should combine questions with imperative instrucitons.
3. The type of instructions should be diverse. The list should include diverse types of tasks like open-ended generation, classification, editing, etc.
4. A GPT language model should be able to complete the instruction. For example, do not ask the assistant to create any visual or audio output. For another example, do not ask the assistant to wake you up at 5pm or set a reminder because it cannot perform any action.
5. The instructions should be in English.
6. The instructions should be 1 to 2 sentences long. Either an imperative sentence or a question is permitted.
7. You should generate an appropriate input to the instruction. The input field should contain a specific example provided for the instruction. It should involve realistic data and should not contain simple placeholders. The input should provide substantial content to make the instruction challenging but should ideally not exceed 100 words.
8. Not all instructions require input. For example, when a instruction asks about some general information, "what is the highest peak in the world", it is not necssary to provide a specific context. In this case, we simply put "<noinput>" in the input field.
9. The output should be an appropriate response to the instruction and the input. Make sure the output is less than 100 words.
10. Make sure the output is gramatically correct with punctuation if needed.
List of 30 tasks:

2. 分类任务识别

• 判断生成的指令是否属于分类任务
• 分类模型判断，few-shot。模板为：

Can the following task be regarded as a classification task with finite output labels?

Task: Given my personality and the job, tell me if I would be suitable.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: Give me an example of a time when you had to use your sense of humor.
Is it classification? No

Task: Replace the placeholders in the given text with appropriate named entities.
Is it classification? No

Task: Fact checking - tell me if the statement is true, false, or unknown, based on your knowledge and common sense.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: Return the SSN number for the person.
Is it classification? No

Task: Detect if the Reddit thread contains hate speech.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: Analyze the sentences below to identify biases.
Is it classification? No

Task: Select the longest sentence in terms of the number of words in the paragraph, output the sentence index.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: Find out the toxic word or phrase in the sentence.
Is it classification? No

Task: Rank these countries by their population.
Is it classification? No

Task: You are provided with a news article, and you need to identify all the categories that this article belongs to. Possible categories include: Music, Sports, Politics, Tech, Finance, Basketball, Soccer, Tennis, Entertainment, Digital Game, World News. Output its categories one by one, seperated by comma.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: Given the name of an exercise, explain how to do it.
Is it classification? No

Task: Select the oldest person from the list.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: Find the four smallest perfect numbers.
Is it classification? No

Task: Does the information in the document supports the claim? You can answer "Support" or "Unsupport".
Is it classification? Yes

Task: Create a detailed budget for the given hypothetical trip.
Is it classification? No

Task: Given a sentence, detect if there is any potential stereotype in it. If so, you should explain the stereotype. Else, output no.
Is it classification? No

Task: Explain the following idiom to me, and try to give me some examples.
Is it classification? No

Task: Is there anything I can eat for a breakfast that doesn't include eggs, yet includes protein, and has roughly 700-1000 calories?
Is it classification? No

Task: Answer the following multiple choice question. Select A, B, C, or D for the final answer.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: Decide whether the syllogism is logically sound.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: How can individuals and organizations reduce unconscious bias?
Is it classification? No

Task: What are some things you can do to de-stress?
Is it classification? No

Task: Find out the largest one from a set of numbers. Output the number directly.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: Replace the <mask> token in the text with proper words that are consistent with the context. You can use multiple words for each <mask> token.
Is it classification? No

Task: Write a cover letter based on the given facts.
Is it classification? No

Task: Identify the pos tag of the word in the given sentence.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: Write a program to compute the sum of integers from k to n.
Is it classification? No

Task: In this task, you need to compare the meaning of the two sentences and tell if they are the same. Output yes or no.
Is it classification? Yes

Task: To make the pairs have the same analogy, write the fourth word.
Is it classification? No

Task: Given a set of numbers, find all possible subsets that sum to a given number.
Is it classification? No

Task: {instruction for the target task}

3. 实例生成

• 根据1和2的指令+任务类型，为指令生成实例
• 非分类任务，input-first approach

Come up with examples for the following tasks. Try to generate multiple examples when possible. If the task doesn't require additional input, you can generate the output directly.

Task: Which exercises are best for reducing belly fat at home?
Output:
- Lying Leg Raises
- Leg In And Out
- Plank
- Side Plank
- Sit-ups

Task: Extract all the country names in the paragraph, list them separated by commas.
Example 1
Paragraph: Dr. No is the sixth novel by the English author Ian Fleming to feature his British Secret Service agent James Bond. Written at Fleming's Goldeneye estate in Jamaica, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape in 1958. In the novel Bond looks into the disappearance in Jamaica of two fellow MI6 operatives who had been investigating Doctor No. Bond travels to No's Caribbean island and meets Honeychile Rider, who is there to collect shells. They are captured and taken to a luxurious facility carved into a mountain. The character of Doctor No, the son of a German missionary and a Chinese woman, was influenced by Sax Rohmer's Fu Manchu stories. Dr. No was the first of Fleming's novels to face widespread negative reviews in Britain, but it was received more favourably in the United States.
Output: English, British, Jamaica, the United Kingdom, German, Chinese, Britain, the United States.

Task: Converting 85 F to Celsius.
Output: 85°F = 29.44°C

Task: Sort the given list ascendingly. 
Example 1
List: [10, 92, 2, 5, -4, 92, 5, 101]
Output: [-4, 2, 5, 5, 10, 92, 92, 101]
Example 2
Input 2 - List: [9.99, 10, -5, -1000, 5e6, 999]
Output: [-1000, -5, 9.99, 10, 999, 5e6]

Task: Suggest a better and more professional rephrasing of the following sentence.
Example 1
Sentence: This house is surprisingly not constructed very well, and you probably need more money to fix it after you buy it. If you ask me, I would suggest you to consider other candidates.
Output: This house does not seem to be constructed well, so you may need to spend more money to fix it after you purchase it. I would suggest that you look at other properties.
Example 2
Sentence: Just so you know, we did an experiment last week and found really surprising results - language model can improve itself!
Output: Our experiments last week demonstrated surprising results, proving that the language model can improve itself.

Task: Read the following paragraph and answer a math question about the paragraph. You need to write out the calculation for getting the final answer.
Example 1
Paragraph: Gun violence in the United States results in tens of thousands of deaths and injuries annually, and was the leading cause of death for children 19 and younger in 2020. In 2018, the most recent year for which data are available as of 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics reports 38,390 deaths by firearm, of which 24,432 were by suicide. The rate of firearm deaths per 100,000 people rose from 10.3 per 100,000 in 1999 to 12 per 100,000 in 2017, with 109 people dying per day or about 14,542 homicides in total, being 11.9 per 100,000 in 2018. In 2010, there were 19,392 firearm-related suicides, and 11,078 firearm-related homicides in the U.S. In 2010, 358 murders were reported involving a rifle while 6,009 were reported involving a handgun; another 1,939 were reported with an unspecified type of firearm. In 2011, a total of 478,400 fatal and nonfatal violent crimes were committed with a firearm.
Question: How many more firearm-related deaths were there in 2018 compared to 2010?
Output:
38390 - (19392 + 11078) = 38390 - 30470 = 7920. 
So, in 2018, there were 7920 more deaths by firearm than in 2010.

Task: Write Python code to solve this leetcode problem.
Example 1
Problem: You are given two non-empty linked lists representing two non-negative integers. The digits are stored in reverse order, and each of their nodes contains a single digit. Add the two numbers and return the sum as a linked list. You may assume the two numbers do not contain any leading zero, except the number 0 itself.
Output:
class Solution(object):
    def addTwoNumbers(self, l1, l2):
        carry = 0
        root = n = ListNode(0)
        while l1 or l2 or carry:
            v1 = v2 = 0
            if l1:
                v1 = l1.val
                l1 = l1.next
            if l2:
                v2 = l2.val
                l2 = l2.next
            carry, val = divmod(v1+v2+carry, 10)
            n.next = ListNode(val)
            n = n.next
        return root.next

Task: Solve the equation and find the value of X. Show your steps.
Example 1
Equation: 10X + 5 = 10
Output: 10X = 5,  X = 0.5
Example 2
Equation: X + Y + 120 = 100
Output: X + Y = -20, X = -20 - Y

Task: Write a program to compute the sum of integers from k to n.
Output:
def sum(k, n):
    sum = 0
    for i in range(k, n+1):
        sum += i
    return sum

Task: Select the oldest person from the given list.
Example 1
List: George Washington, Confucius, Michael Jordan, Michelangelo
Output: Confucious
Example 2
List: Alan Turing, Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio
Output: Alan Turing

Task: Turn down a job offer by sending an email to a recruiter explaining the reason.
Output: Hi  [Recruiter],
Thank you so much for the generous offer to join your team. As we discussed, I’ve admired the company for a number of years, and am a proud endorser of its products. However, after further consideration of where I currently am in my career, I’ve decided to accept an offer at another company.
I would love to stay in touch with you and have already started following you on [Social Media Platform]. Again, thank you so much for your time and consideration.
Thanks again,
[Your Name]

Task: {Instruction for the target task}

• 分类任务，output-first approach。刚才的输入优先不适合分类任务，生成的输入会偏向某个标签label。

Given the classification task definition and the class labels, generate an input that corresponds to each of the class labels. If the task doesn't require input, just generate possible class labels.

Task: Classify the sentiment of the sentence into positive, negative, or mixed.
Class label: mixed
Sentence: I enjoy the flavor of the restaurant but their service is too slow.
Class label: Positive
Sentence: I had a great day today. The weather was beautiful and I spent time with friends and family.
Class label: Negative
Sentence: I was really disappointed by the latest superhero movie. I would not recommend it to anyone.

Task: Given a dialogue, classify whether the user is satisfied with the service. You should respond with "Satisfied" or "Unsatisfied".
Class label: Satisfied
Dialogue:
- Agent: Thank you for your feedback. We will work to improve our service in the future.
- Customer: I am happy with the service you provided. Thank you for your help.
Class label: Unsatisfied
Dialogue:
- Agent: I am sorry we will cancel that order for you, and you will get a refund within 7 business days.
- Customer: oh that takes too long. I want you to take quicker action on this.

Task: Given some political opinions, classify whether the person belongs to Democrats or Republicans.
Class label: Democrats
Opinion: I believe that everyone should have access to quality healthcare regardless of their income level.
Class label: Republicans
Opinion: I believe that people should be able to keep more of their hard-earned money and should not be taxed at high rates.

Task: Tell me if the following email is a promotion email or not.
Class label: Promotion
Email: Check out our amazing new sale! We've got discounts on all of your favorite products.
Class label: Not Promotion
Email: We hope you are doing well. Let us know if you need any help.

Task: Detect if the Reddit thread contains hate speech.
Class label: Hate Speech
Thread: All people of color are stupid and should not be allowed to vote.
Class label: Not Hate Speech
Thread: The best way to cook a steak on the grill.

Task:  Does the information in the document supports the claim? You can answer "Support" or "Unsupport".
Class label: Unsupport
Document: After a record-breaking run that saw mortgage rates plunge to all-time lows and home prices soar to new highs, the U.S. housing market finally is slowing. While demand and price gains are cooling, any correction is likely to be a modest one, housing economists and analysts say. No one expects price drops on the scale of the declines experienced during the Great Recession.
Claim: The US housing market is going to crash soon.
Class label: Support
Document: The U.S. housing market is showing signs of strain, with home sales and prices slowing in many areas. Mortgage rates have risen sharply in recent months, and the number of homes for sale is increasing. This could be the beginning of a larger downturn, with some economists predicting a potential housing crash in the near future.
Claim: The US housing market is going to crash soon.

Task: Answer the following multiple-choice question. Select A, B, C, or D for the final answer.
Class label: C
Question: What is the capital of Germany?
A. London
B. Paris
C. Berlin
D. Rome
Class label: D
Question: What is the largest planet in our solar system?
A) Earth
B) Saturn
C) Mars
D) Jupiter
Class label: A
Question: What is the process by which plants make their own food through photosynthesis?
A) Respiration
B) Fermentation
C) Digestion
D) Metabolism
Class label: B
Question: Who wrote the novel "The Great Gatsby"?
A) Ernest Hemingway
B) F. Scott Fitzgerald
C) J.D. Salinger
D) Mark Twain

Task: You need to read a code and detect if there is a syntax error or not. Output true if there is an error, output false if there is not.
Class label: true
Code:
def quick_sort(arr):
    if len(arr) < 2
        return arr
Class label: False
Code:
def calculate_average(numbers):
    total = 0
    for number in numbers:
        total += number
    return total / len(numbers)

Task: You are provided with a news article, and you need to identify all the categories that this article belongs to. Possible categories include Sports and Politics. Output its categories one by one, separated by a comma.
Class label: Sports
Article: The Golden State Warriors have won the NBA championship for the second year in a row.
Class label: Politics
Article: The United States has withdrawn from the Paris Climate Agreement.
Class label: Politics, Sports
Article: The government has proposed cutting funding for youth sports programs.

Task: Given a credit card statement, the cardholder's spending habits, and the account balance, classify whether the cardholder is at risk of defaulting on their payments or not.
Class label: At risk
Credit card statement: Purchases at high-end clothing stores and luxury hotels.
Cardholder's spending habits: Frequent purchases at luxury brands and high-end establishments.
Account balance: Over the credit limit and multiple missed payments.
Class label: Not at risk
Credit card statement: Purchases at grocery stores and gas stations.
Cardholder's spending habits: Regular purchases for necessary expenses and occasional dining out.
Account balance: Slightly below the credit limit and no missed payments.

Task: Given a social media post, the hashtags used, and a topic. classify whether the post is relevant to the topic or not.
Class label: Relevant
Post: I can't believe the government is still not taking action on climate change. It's time for us to take matters into our own hands.
Hashtags: #climatechange #actnow
Topic: Climate change
Class label: Not relevant 
Post: I just bought the new iPhone and it is amazing!
Hashtags: #apple #technology
Topic: Travel

Task: The answer will be 'yes' if the provided sentence contains an explicit mention that answers the given question. Otherwise, answer 'no'. 
Class label: Yes
Sentence: Jack played basketball for an hour after school.
Question: How long did Jack play basketball?
Class label: No
Sentence: The leaders of the Department of Homeland Security now appear before 88 committees and subcommittees of Congress.
Question: How often are they required to appear?

Task: Tell me what's the second largest city by population in Canada.
Class label: Montreal

Task: Classifying different types of mathematical equations, such as linear, and quadratic equations, based on the coefficients and terms in the equation.
Class label: Linear equation
Equation: y = 2x + 5
Class label: Quadratic equation
Equation: y = x^2 - 4x + 3

Task: Tell me the first number of the given list.
Class label: 1
List: 1, 2, 3
Class label: 2
List: 2, 9, 10

Task: Which of the following is not an input type? (a) number (b) date (c) phone number (d) email address (e) all of these are valid inputs.
Class label: (e)

Task: {Instruction for the target task}

4. 过滤和后处理

• 新指令和任务池指令的ROUGE-L值小于0.7，则说明足够”新颖“，将新指令加入任务池。
• 去重：如输入和输出相同的实例、输出是输入的重复描述等

三、其他部分

1. 验证数据质量

• 随机从生成的样本中抽取，200个指令每个指令选择一个实例，专家标注检验实例是否合理
• 从下面看到input和instruction有效性和准确度较高，其他有待提高

2. GPT3+SELF-INSTRUCT生成数据的词性分析

• 生成的实例中最常见的20个动词在内圈部分，外圈的名词也较为分布，多样性较好
  

3. Rouge-L指标

L即是LCS(longest common subsequence, 最长公共子序列)的首字母，因为Rouge-L使用了最长公共子序列。Rouge-L计算方式如下 图:
$$R_{\mathrm{ICS}}=\frac{\mathrm{LCS}(X,Y)}{\mathrm{m}}$$
$$P_{\mathrm{lcs}}=\frac{\mathrm{LCS}(X,Y)}{n}$$
$$F_{lcs}=\frac{\left(1+{\beta }^2\right)R_{lcs}{P}_{lcs}}{R_{lcs}+{\beta }^2{P}_{lcs}}$$
其中 $\mathrm{LCS}(X,Y)$ 是X和Y的最长公共子序列的长度, 考虑顺序。 $m,n$ 分别表示参考摘要 (人工摘要) 和 自动摘要 (机器生成 的摘要) 的长度 (一般就是所含词的个数)。

Reference

[1] Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Model with Self Generated Instructions
[2] 面向大模型微调的instruction指令自动化生成技术：SELF-INSTRUCT指令自动化生成框架工作介绍
[3] Self-Instruct：使语言模型与自己生成的指令对齐
[4] 自动文摘评测方法：Rouge-L、Rouge-N
[5] https://github.com/yizhongw/self-instruct