2014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(二)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have 1_ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually 2. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. 3 among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an 4 of good health.
Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI _7 body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, 8,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.
While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.
Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16 with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.
Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign 20 childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.
1. [A] denied [B] concluded [C] doubled [D] ensured
2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome
3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore
4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example
5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern
6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of
7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies
8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part
9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward
10. [A] so [B] while [C] since [D] unless
11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste
12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay
13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant
14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency
15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored
16. [A] computed [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated
17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only
18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded
19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies
20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84yearold widow who recently emerged from her small, tinroofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her newfound fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes oldhat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms. Dumn and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.
This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.
Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.
21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?
[A] A big house. [B] A special tour. [C] A stylish car. [D] A rich meal.
22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is ________.
[A] critical [B] supportive [C] sympathetic [D] ambiguous
23. McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that ________.
[A] consumers are sometimes irrational [B] popularity usually comes after quality
[C] marketing tricks are after effective [D] rarity generally increases pleasure
24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money ________.
[A] has left much room for readers’ criticism [B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase
[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the US [D] may give its readers a sense of achievement
25. This text mainly discusses how to ________.
[A] balance feeling good and spending money [B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries
[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent [D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuries
Text 2
An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deepseated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of selfenhancing strategies to research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.
We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into selfaffirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.
Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into selfenhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which must did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.
Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who selfenhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher selfesteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be selfenhancing.
Knowing the results of Epley’s study, it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves viscerally—on one level, they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook therefore, is a selfenhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. “It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest”, says Catalina Toma of Wiscon—Madison university,” but they portray an idealized version of themselves.
26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that ________.
[A] our selfratings are unrealistically high [B] illusory superiority is a baseless effect
[C] our need for leadership is unnatural [D] selfenhancing strategies are ineffective
27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s ________.
[A] rapid watching [B] conscious choice [C] intuitive response [D] automatic selfdefence
28. Epley found that people with higher selfesteem tended to ________.
[A] underestimate their insecurities [B] believe in their attractiveness
[C] cover up their depressions [D] oversimplify their illusions
29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to ________.
[A] instinctively [B] occasionally [C] particularly [D] aggressively
30. It can be inferred that Facebook is selfenhancer’s paradise because people can ________.
[A] present their dishonest profiles [B] define their traditional life styles
[C] share their intellectual pursuits [D] withhold their unflattering sides
Text 3
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can’t immediately foresee.
When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.
This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U. S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.
It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.” That’s not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.
As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”
31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would ________.
[A] ease the competition of man vs. Machine [B] highlight machines’ threat to human jobs
[C] provoke a painful technological revolution [D] outmode our current economic structure
32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that ________.
[A] technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities [B] automation is accelerating technological development
[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation [D] man will finally win the race against machine
33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U. S. are often ________.
[A] performed by innovative minds [B] scripted with an individual style
[C] standardized without a clear target [D] designed against human creativity
- According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed ________.
[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice
[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently
[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modern times
[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace - Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices? [B] Machines will Replace Human Labor
[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines? [D] Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovations
Text 4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.
Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillionpound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.
Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.
The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.
There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60, 000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.
Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.
But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of largescale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.
While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.
36. The author believes that the housing sector ________.
[A] has attracted much attention [B] involves certain political factors
[C] shoulders too much responsibility [D] has lost its real value in economy
37. It can be learned that affordable housing has ________.
[A] increased its home supply [B] offered spending opportunities
[C] suffered government biases [D] disappointed the government
38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may ________.
[A] allow greater government debt for housing [B] stop local authorities from building homes
[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt [D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast
39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would ________.
[A] lower the costs of registered providers [B] lessen the impact of government interference
[C] contribute to funding new developments [D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities
40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may ________.
[A] implement more policies to support housing [B] review the need for largescale public grants
[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme [D] stop generous funding to the housing sector
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.
The British Land Art, typified by Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart.
Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment.
That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of blackandwhite photographs and relatively few natural objects.
Long is Britain’s bestknown Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stands for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brickstrewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.
Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park, in which a longhaired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.
Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellowtinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.
In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful blackandwhite photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscapeorientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallerybound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.
[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took
41. Stone Circle [B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art
42. Olaf StreetStudy [C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.
43. Across the Park [D] represents the elegance of the British land art
44. Towards Avebury [E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art
45. Seven days [F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors
[G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph.
Section III Translation
Directions:
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down — say, after giving a bad lecture ——he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction.
He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him to email to
- tell him about your living habits, and
- ask for advice about living there.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
Part B
- Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, You should
- interpret the chart, and
- give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)
2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解
Section Ⅰ Use of English
文章分析
本文是一篇关于肥胖与健康关系新说法的议论文。第一段引出作者对身材的看法:并不是越瘦就证明人越健康。第二段中作者介绍了一种定义肥胖症的指标BMI。第三段中作者指出BMI其实揭示的是人体的脂肪量,并不是说明身材好坏的指数。第四段中讲述了整个社会其实会给肥胖者贴上消极标签,无论是在电视节目中还是在孩子们的心目中,胖人的形象总是与消极联系起来。最后一段讲述了人们以健康的角度去考虑肥胖的影响,和已经采取的一些对抗肥胖的种种策略。
试题解析
Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have 1 that normalweight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are healthy conditions for which being overweight is actually 2. For example, heavierwomen are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. 3, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an 4 of good health.
【译文】太瘦也不总是好事。一些研究已经得出结论:正常体重的人实际上比一些超重的人更容易患上某些疾病。有些肥胖对健康还有保护作用。例如稍微超重的女性跟消瘦的女性相比,不易受到钙质缺乏的影响。同样的,在老年人中,一定程度上超重是身体健康的标志。
1.
[A] denied 否认
[B] concluded得出结论
[C] doubled两倍,加倍努力
[D] ensured 确保
【答案】B
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“一系列的研究已经________,事实上,正常体重的人患病风险要高于超重的人”。根据句义,后面的部分实际上是研究结论,因此B项concluded符合题意。
【命题思路】本题根据上下文所给信息判断答案,同时也考查考生对相近含义的词汇辨析。
【干扰排除】A项denied“否认”,与原文意义相反;C项doubled“翻倍”,与题意较远;D项ensured“确保”,不符合题意,因为研究不能确保后面的事实,只能得出后面的事实作为结论。
2.
[A] protective防护的,保护的
[B] dangerous危险的
[C] sufficient足够的,充分的
[D] troublesome 麻烦的
【答案】A
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“对于某些健康情况,超重事实上是有________”。根据前文研究的结论,下文的举例说明是对该句的具体论述。综上可知,超重能减少罹患疾病的风险,说明超重具有一定的保护作用。
【命题思路】本题根据上下文所给信息判断答案,同时也考查考生对形容词的辨析。
【干扰排除】句首以And 开头,说明在语义上该句与上一句是并列相关的,强调肥胖对健康的好处。B项 dangerous“危险的”,与文章意思相反;C项 sufficient“充足的”,D项troublesome“麻烦的”,不符合题意。
3.
[A] Instead代替,反而
[B] However然而,不管怎样
[C] Likewise同样地
[D] Therefore因此
【答案】C
【考点】逻辑关系
【直击答案】第四、五句话举例说明。“体重较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。,在老年人中,一定程度上超重是身体健康的”。需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。A项Instead和B项However表示逆接的句意关系,D项Therefore表示因果关系。只有C项Likewise“同样地;也,而且”,表示顺接关系,符合题意。
【命题思路】本题考查对上下文语义关系的理解。
【干扰排除】这个题目的难点在于为什么不能将最后一句理解为跟上文相反的转折关系呢,比如:然而,在老年人中,一定程度上超重是身体健康的(克星/障碍),但是下文的第四个空给的备选词并没有类似括号里我们猜测的消极含义词汇,所以,所猜想的转折语义关系也不成立,只能选表示顺接关系的词汇likewise。
4.
[A] indicator指标
[B] objective目标
[C] origin来源
[D] example实例;例证
【答案】A
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“同样的,一定程度上超重,经常是健康的________”。根据前面的文章内容,已经明确指出超重代表了健康,因此超重是健康的指标。因此正确答案为A项。
【命题思路】本题考查对上下文语义的正确把握。
【干扰排除】干扰性强的是B项, 有考生会将其理解为“客观物质”,但原文结构中此处需要一个名词,objective“客观的”是形容词, objective作名词时意为“目标”,另有考生被形近词objection“反对”干扰。
Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, 8, can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.
【译文】需要更加关注是,很难对肥胖加以定义。肥胖经常根据身体质量指数来定义,或叫做BMI,它等于身体重量除以身高平方。正常成年人的是BMI 值应该在18~25之间。25~30的话视为超重。30以上视为肥胖。肥胖依次能够分为中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖。
5.
[A] impact影响,效果
[B] relevance 相关性
[C] assistance辅助
[D] concern 关系,关心
【答案】D
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“需要更加________是,很难对肥胖加以定义”。前文已经说到肥胖事实上有利健康,但是又面临一个问题,到底如何去定义肥胖,因此需要更加关注的是对肥胖的定义,其他选项均不符合题意,所以正确答案为D项。
【命题思路】本题考查对上下文语义的正确把握。
【干扰排除】A项impact“影响,效果”,B项relevance“相关性”,C项assistance“辅助”此处空格前有even greater 来修饰,将这几个干扰项的名词含义代入检测,都与上文没有必要的相关性,所以都不可作为答案。
6.
[A] in terms of 依据,根据
[B] in case of 万一,假设
[C] in favor of 有利于,支持
[D] in respect of 关于,涉及
【答案】A
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“肥胖经常________体质指数,或称为BMI来定义”。下文根据BMI指数的不同对肥胖进行了分级。由此可知,BMI是一种根据。A项 in terms of意为“根据…… ,就…… 而言”,符合句意,为正确答案。在医学研究和临床测试中经常使用BMI作为衡量受试者健康的重要指标,希望考生能够记住这一背景知识,方便日后做题。
【命题思路】本题考查对句意的理解,并考查常见词组的辨析。
【干扰排除】B项in case of“万一,假设”,C项in favor of“赞成,以……来取代”,D项in respect of “关于”。将此三项代入文中,均不符合题意。这些短语的考查频率非常高,有些已经成为真题中常见的干扰项,同学们在复习时要加强记忆。
7.
[A] measures测量
[B] determines决定
[C] equals等同于
[D] modifies修改
【答案】C
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“BMI________体重除以身高的平方”。此处用文字叙述了BMI指数得出的方法,也就是一个数学公式,所以equals符合题意。
【命题思路】本题考查对句意的理解,并考查动词辨析。
【干扰排除】A 项是强干扰项,有考生看到空格后面是一些计算BMI的方法,可能在不太清楚句意的时候会联想到“测量”的概念,实际上这里需要选择“所指,等同于”的概念。
8.
[A] in essence本质上
[B] in contrast 相反
[C] in turn 轮流,依次
[D] in part 部分地
【答案】C
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“肥胖________能够分成中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖”。根据语境,本句是将肥胖依次分级,分析四个选项,A项in essence“事实上,本质上”,B项in contrast“相反地”,C项in turn“依次”,D项in part“部分地”,C项符合题意。
【命题思路】本题考查对句意的理解,并考查相似介词短语辨析。
【干扰排除】此处需要一个插入语来顺成上下文的关系,由于下文也没有揭示肥胖构成的事实,所以A 项不成立。上下文不存在对立关系,所以不能选B项。D项不符合语义。
While such numerical standards seem 9, they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11. For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.
【译文】虽然这些数字标准看起来直截了当,实际却不是这样。肥胖相比体重而言,更强调脂肪含量。有些人BMI值很高,但是身材却相当好,有些人 BMI 值虽然低,但是体型却很差。例如,有些职业足球运动员被认为很胖,但是身体脂肪量却很低。相反,一些小个头的胖子BMI 值却正常。
9.
[A] complicated复杂的,难懂的
[B] conservative保守的
[C] variable可变的,易变的
[D] straightforward 简单的,直接的
【答案】D
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“相比之下,这样的数字标准看起来________,实际上不是的”。这里的数字标准指肥胖指数,且下文也讲述了BMI 指数的高低并不与身材的好坏成正比,只是这些数字看起来好像能反映与身材之间的关系而已。D项straightforward“直截了当的”,符合题意,因此为正确答案。
【命题思路】本题考查对上下文语义的理解,并考查形容词辨析。
【干扰排除】肥胖指数分为三类,而且算法比较简单,所以A项complicated“复杂的”不正确。B项conservative“保守的”,用于描述一种数学公式,不恰当。一名患者或一名受试者的BMI一般是确定的,因此C项variable“可变的”也不符合题意。
10.
[A] so所以
[B] while然而
[C] since既然,自从
[D] unless除非
【答案】B
【考点】逻辑关系
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“一些人有很高的BMI,实际上身材正好,其他人有较低的BMI指数,可能”。从前半句可看出,有些人的BMI指数很高,应该属于体重肥胖的人,事实上身材正好,这里说明的是反常的现象,后半句是其他人的BMI指数较低,而________较差。四个选项中只有while有转折的含义,其他选项均不符合题意,所以正确答案为B项。
【命题思路】本题考查对上下文语义关系的正确把握。
【干扰排除】A项表示因果关系,C项表示原因或让步关系,D项表示让步关系,都不能体现上下文之间的对立关系,非正确答案。
11.
[A] shape 形状,身材
[B] spirit 精神,心灵
[C] balance平衡,匀称
[D] taste味道,品味
【答案】A
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】本句可简化为:Some … are fit, while others …may be in poor ________.从中可看出前后意义相反,且fit(体型健康的)与in poor ______对应,与之最相关是A 项shape“外形”,故为正确答案。
【命题思路】本题考查对句意的正确把握。
【干扰排除】根据上面分析,只要看出前后两句之间明显的对立且对应关系,将其他干扰答案项代入,“精神”、“均衡”、“品味”都与原文相差较远,可以排除。
12.
[A] start开始,启动
[B] qualify使有资格,被认为
[C] retire退休
[D] stay 停留,坚持
【答案】B
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】本句顺应前文意义:有一些人体型很好,有些人体型肥胖。接着举例说有些专业足球运动员_____________是肥胖的,然而他们的身体脂肪量却很低。B项qualify“被认为”符合句意,正确。
【命题思路】本题考查对上下文句意的正确把握。
【干扰排除】将A、C、D项代入文中,“开始”、“退休”和“停留”不符合句意。
13.
[A] strange 奇怪的
[B] changeable 可改变的
[C] normal正常的
[D] constant不变的,恒定的
【答案】C
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】干扰排除本句不难理解,因为句首有conversely与上文构成语义对立, 讲有些人个头小,脂肪量过高,但是BMI却 _____。所需词汇明显是积极方向的, C项“正常的”,为正确答案。
【命题思路】本题考查对上下文句意的正确把握。
【干扰排除】根据句意,排除A、B项。D项属于比较中性的词,且不符合句意。
Today we have a(an) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes 15 in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16 with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. 17 very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.
【译文】今天我们都有向肥胖贴歧视标签的趋势。媒体中呈现肥胖者时通常把他们的脸盖起来。与肥胖联系起来的原型总是包括懒惰,缺乏意志力,对成功的期望值不高。教师,雇员和健康工作者都是对肥胖抱有偏见。甚至小孩子也看不起肥胖的者,在学校嘲笑身材体型不好的同学一直是一个存在的问题。
14.
[A] option选择(权)
[B] reason原因
[C] opportunity机会
[D] tendency趋势
【答案】D
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格所在的后半句:to label obesity as disgrace(给肥胖贴上丢人的标签),作为空格处的后置定语。下文也在讲述媒体、老师、雇员、健康工作者和孩子们都倾向于鄙视肥胖症的。D项符合句意。
【命题思路】本题考查对上下文信息的理解。
【干扰排除】将A、B、C三个选项,“选择(权)”、“理由”、“机会”代入空格处,均与文意不符。
15.
[A] employed雇佣
[B] pictured描绘
[C] imitated 模仿
[D] monitored 监控
【答案】B
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】上句提到了我们都倾向于给肥胖贴上歧视的标签,空格所在句提到了媒体,媒体中将肥胖者的面部成像都进行了面部隐藏处理。根据语境,四个选项中,跟媒体相关的词汇只有C项picture“刻画,描写,描述”,因此为正确答案。
【命题思路】本题考查对句意的理解,并考查动词辨析。
【干扰排除】此处所提供的选项都是过去分词作the overweight的后置定语,A 项代入后可理解为“被媒体雇佣的肥胖者”,但是后面的介词应该用by。C、D两项代入后语义与全文不符。
16.
[A] computed计算
[B] combined联合
[C] settled固定
[D] associated联系
【答案】D
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“肥胖会与原型________包括懒惰、缺乏意志力和对成功的期望值不高”。空格后面提到的懒惰、缺乏意志力和对成功的期望值不高都是与肥胖进行的人为关联,分析四个选项,D项associated“联系”,符合句意。
【命题思路】本题考查对句意的理解,并考查动词辨析。
【干扰排除】首先在结构上能与with 构成搭配四个选项都可以实现。但是A项因为与原文语义差别较大,可首先排除。B项强调“联合”,与原文的“联系”有细微的差别,语义上不能说“原型与某些品质联合”。
17.
[A] Even甚至
[B] Still 仍然
[C] Yet然而
[D] Only 仅仅
【答案】A
【考点】逻辑关系
【直击答案】空格所在句意为“是________小孩子蔑视超重,而且对身材的嘲笑一直是学校的一个问题”。空格缺少一个副词,构成与上文的联系。上文讲到了大人们都在歧视肥胖(教师、雇员、健康工作者)。根据语境,此处应该填入表示递进关系的词汇,分析四个选项,只有A项Even “即使”符合题意。
【命题思路】本题考查上下文的语义关系。
【干扰排除】B项Still表示递进关系时其后一般要加逗号。C项Yet用表示上下文的对立关系中。D项Only引导条件关系,与原文语义不符。
Negative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have stimulated a number of antiobesity 19. My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a highvisibility campaign 20 childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.
【译文】基于健康考虑的对肥胖的消极态度,已经引发一系列的对抗肥胖的相关措施。我自己工作的医院的供饮设备已经停止发放含糖饮料。很多雇员已经有了减肥健身的积极性。米歇尔奥巴马已经倡议发起一些明确的对抗儿童发胖的活动,甚至表明它是我们国家最大的安全威胁。
18.
[A] despised蔑视
[B] corrected修正
[C] ignored忽视
[D] grounded以……为基础
【答案】D
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】空格前讲到对肥胖的负面态度,空格后讲到对健康的关注,
激发一批反肥胖的。本句没有出现任何转折词,说明空格前后所表达的意思是一致的,反对肥胖,是基于对健康的关注。分析四个选项,能够表达此意思的词汇,只有D项grounded“基于”。
【命题思路】本题考查对上下文的语义的理解。
【干扰排除】此空是一个过去分词构成短语作插入语,修饰本句主语negative attitudes,意为“……的健康关注”,将其他三项语义 “受到健康关注的轻视”“基于健康关注的修正”和“对健康关注的忽视”代进去都与原文语义不符,因此不可选。
19.
[A] discussions论述,讨论
[B] businesses 商业,交易
[C] policies 政策
[D] studies 研究,学习
【答案】D
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】解答此题需要联系空格后面紧跟着的句子。空后的句子出现了一系列表示同一个语义场的词汇,如 hospital system,ban,many employers institute, 指向的意思是一个系统中所出台的政策的问题。浏览四个选项,D项policies 符合题意,直接入选。
【命题思路】本题考查对上下文的语义的理解。
【干扰排除】D项是强干扰项,代入原文与空格部分形成“对抗肥胖的研究”,但此含义与下文出现的语义场不吻合,因为“研究”一般多出自于机构,科研院所等层面的场所,医院更多是治病救人的地方。
20.
[A] for为了
[B] against 反对,对立
[C] with 随着
[D] without 没有
【答案】B
【考点】词义辨析
【直击答案】本段的主题是反对肥胖,本句话属于细节的句子,用来支持主题,空格所在句讲到米歇尔·奥巴马已经发起了一个高知名度的活动________儿童肥胖,甚至告诉奥兹博士,它代表了我们国家最大的安全威胁。空格词汇应该含有“反对,反抗”的意思。纵观四个选项,只有B项against符合题意。
【命题思路】本题考查对句子意思的理解。
【干扰排除】其他三个选项使用代入法验证, A项for“对于,因为”干扰性强,代入原文意为“关于儿童肥胖的活动”,与原文语义不符,故不正确。
核心词汇
deficiency n. 缺陷,缺点
obesity n. 肥大,肥胖
overweight n. 超重
define vt. 给……下定义,解释;限定,规定
divide vt.划分,除
collegiate a. 大学的,学院的
conversely ad.相反地
frame n. 框架,结构
disgrace n. 耻辱 v.使…… 失宠,丢脸
prospect n. 前景;景象
tease vt. 戏弄,取笑
harbor n. 海港 vt.庇护,怀有
bias n. 偏见,偏心,偏袒 vt.使有偏见
stimulate vt. 刺激,激励
facility n. 设施,工具
security n. 安全,保障;抵押品;[pl.] 证券
长难句分析
A number of studies have concluded that normalweight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.
【分析】该句是一个复合句,句子的主干是studies haveconcluded that,宾语由that引导的从句组成。从句主干是people are higher risk, 过去分词短语compared to…作diseases的后置定语,从句的后半部分还嵌套有一个定语从句who are overweight,该句的先行词是those,指那些肥胖的人。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
文章分析
本文选自2013年6月22日The Economist(《经济学人》)一篇题为“Money and Happiness”的文章,属于社会生活类范畴。
第一段通过一位孤寡老人中彩票的事件引出了本文的话题:金钱与幸福。第二段给出了《快乐理财》这本书的两位作者的研究结果:往往我们认为最有价值的消费方式可能是与直觉相反的。第三段指出这本书给很多工薪阶层和赢得彩票的人提供了一些获得“物美价廉”的幸福的小窍门。最后一段中,作者在重申主题的基础上认为这本书值得一买。
试题解析
21. 根据邓恩和诺顿的观点,下面哪一项最具有购买价值?
[A] 豪宅。
[B] 特别的旅行。
[C] 名车。
[D] 丰盛的一餐。
【答案】B
【考点】细节题
【命题思路】这是一道局部信息细节题。根据题干信息定位到第二段后,将原文信息与选项一一对照即可得出答案,考查的重点是对原文信息的理解。
【直击答案】根据题干定位到第二段第五句话It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms. Dumn and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema。B项(一次特别的旅行)是原文interesting trips(有趣的旅行)的同义替换,因此为正确答案。
【干扰排除】A项和C项与原文信息不符。原文第二段第三句提到购买物质性的东西所带来的满足感很快就会消耗殆尽,而“豪宅”和“名车”都属于物质性的东西。D项干扰性很强,虽然第二段第四句同样也提到了“unique meals”,但D项中的“rich”,跟原文的“unique”是两个概念,故排除。
22. 作者对美国人看电视持________态度。
[A] 批评的
[B] 支持的
[C] 同情的
[D] 模糊的
【答案】A
【考点】态度题
【命题思路】本题考查的是作者对局部事例的态度。
【直击答案】根据题干可以回文定位到第三段第二句话It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television。这句话表明如果大多数人能够少花点时间看电视,他们会过得更好一点。由此可以得出作者对美国人看电视持否定的态度,因而答案为A项“批评的”。
【干扰排除】第三段对看电视这件事情持否定态度,因而B项“支持的”、C项“同情的”为表达肯定态度的形容词,因此排除。作者态度并非模糊不清,而是直接表达了对看电视是不认同的,因此D项不正确。
23. 文章第三段提到烤汁猪排骨的目的是______。
[A] 消费者有时候不理智
[B] 质量总是先于名气
[C] 市场营销手段带来了后效应
[D] 匮乏一般会增加快乐感
【答案】D
【考点】推理题
【命题思路】这是一道封闭式推理题,该题考查作者提到McRib(烤汁猪排骨)这个例子的目的。
【直击答案】根据题干关键词McRib定位到第三段最后一句话Thisis apparently the reason MacDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib——a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.。这句话提到了McRib(烤汁猪排骨)在麦当劳风靡一时,其指示代词“this”表明了其原因。this指代前面一句话:“luxuries are most…sparingly.”。从同义替换的角度来看,“sparingly”对应D项中的“rarity”;“most enjoyable”对应该选项中的“increases pleasure”,因此D项为正确答案。
【干扰排除】第三段最后一句话说“市场营销手段把猪肉三明治变成了让人着魔的一个东西”,但并不能说明消费者就不理智,A项属于过度推理,故排除。文中并没有提到烤汁猪排骨的质量(quality),B项属于无中生有,故排除。 C项属于过度推断。原文第四句破折号之后的内容表明当时麦当劳这一营销手段起作用了,但并不能说明所有营销手段都会奏效。且该处为例子本身的信息,并非其证明的信息。
24. 根据文章最后一段,《幸福理财》这本书______。
[A] 给读者留下了很多批评的空间
[B] 证明是值得购买的一本书
[C] 预言了美国人存在的巨大收入差距
[D] 或许能给读者带来一种成就感
【答案】B
【考点】推理题
【命题思路】这是一道封闭式推理题,需要对最后一段进行锁定,从而得出答案。
【直击答案】最后一段最后一句But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent。该句指出大多数人认为这本书值得一买。另外,从同义替换的角度看,原文中的“well spent”正好对应B项中的“worthwhile purchase”,都是值得一买的意思,故B项为正确答案。
【干扰排除】A项中的criticism和这本书值得一买不符,故排除。第二句和第三句提到了穷人和富人对幸福的感受程度有所不同,重点依然是围绕着本文的话题金钱和幸福,并未涉及C项中的收入差距(income gap),推理过度。 D项的错误在于该书本身没有给读者带来成就感,而是书中提到的怎样花钱才能让人得到持久的满足感。
25. 这篇文章主要讨论了如何________。
[A] 平衡幸福与花钱之间的关系
[B] 花大笔的钱赢得彩票
[C] 从花钱消费中获得长久的满足感
[D] 消费奢侈品时变得更加理智
【答案】C
【考点】主旨题
【命题思路】这是一道主旨题。这篇文章段落之间并没有明显的转折,考生可以将每段的主题句连在一起进行凝练即可得出答案。
【直击答案】本文主要讨论的是Happy Money 这本书中的话题——幸福与金钱。第一段通过中彩票事件引出了这一话题,接下里的两段作者介绍了怎样花钱消费才能获得最实惠长久的幸福,最后一段重申主题,并指出这本书值得一买。因而C项“从花钱消费中获得长久的满足感”为正确选项。
【干扰排除】第一段中孤寡老人中彩票的事件是本文话题的引子,在后文中再未提及,因而B项以偏概全。文章主要探讨的是花钱消费应该能够带来长久的满足感,并没有涉及平衡两者之间的关系,故A项与原文不符。D项是第三段的主要内容,不能概括全文,故排除。
长难句解析
- This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84yearold widow who recently emerged from her small, tinroofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.
【解析】这是一个主从复合句,句子主干是This is a question。an 84yearold widow是Gloria Mackenzie的同位语。who引导定语从句修饰widow;to collect …作后置定语,修饰widow。
【译文】84岁的格罗里亚·麦肯兹现在正被这个问题所困扰,这位孤寡老人住在佛罗里达的一个铁皮房子里,前不久她中了有史以来最大的个人彩票头奖。 - It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).
【解析】这是一个主从复合句,it seems 后面跟了一个较长的表语从句;在表语从句中嵌套了一个if引导的条件状语从句,其中could shorten和spend是并列谓语动词;在第二个谓语动词之后,并列了两个宾语,分别是:more time with …和less of it…;括号里面的部分是一个名词加定语从句的结构,something后面省略了that;and is hardly jollier for it可以还原为“and (the average American) is hardly jollier for it”。
【译文】如果大多数人能够减少他们的工作时间,花更多的时间和朋友以及家人在一起,少看点电视(看电视是平均每个美国人一年会用整整两个月的时间所做的一件事情,并且他们从中获得的乐趣几乎很少),他们会过得更快乐一点。
核心词汇
yield vt. 出产;产生 n.产量,收益;利润
counterintuitive a. 与直觉相反的
regret vt. 懊悔,遗憾 n.懊悔,遗憾
charity n. 仁爱,慈善;施舍,善举
commute vt. 交换;改变 vi.乘公交往返于两地
luxury n. 奢侈,华贵;奢侈品
obsession n. 痴迷;困扰
privilege n. 特权,特惠待遇
scarcity n. 不足,缺乏
incentive n. 刺激;动力;鼓励
mandate n. 授权;命令,指令 vt. 授权;托管
全文翻译
如果你中了5.9亿美元巨奖会怎么花这笔钱?84岁的格罗里亚·麦肯兹现在正被这个问题所困扰,这位孤寡老人住在佛罗里达的一个铁皮房子里,前不久她中了有史以来最大的个人彩票头奖。如果她希望这笔新得到的财富能够带来长久的满足感,那她最好拜读一下由伊丽莎白·邓恩和迈克尔·诺顿合作的书《快乐理财》。
这两位学术研究者通过一系列的行为研究表明:回报率最高的花钱方式可能是与我们的直觉相反的。说起巨额财富人们往往会想到名车与豪宅,然而购买的这些物质性的东西所带来的满足感很快就会消耗殆尽。曾经的新意和激动很快就退去,随之而来的是后悔。邓恩女士和诺顿先生认为钱应该花在一些有意义的经历上,例如有趣的旅行,别致的聚餐或者看场电影。这些经历会随着时间变得更有价值——正如故事和记忆一样——特别是如果这些经历包含了更多与他人有关的情感。
这本书虽然薄但却有很多小诀窍可以帮助工薪阶层以及赢得彩票的人获得“货真价实”的幸福。如果大多数人能够减少他们的工作时间,花更多的时间和朋友以及家人在一起,少看点电视(看电视是平均每个美国人一年会用整整两个月的时间所做的一件事情,并且他们从中获得的乐趣几乎很少),他们会过得更快乐一点。买礼物送给别人或者做慈善通常要比给自己买东西带来更多的乐趣,奢侈品只有偶然的买一回才能让你感到真正的快乐。这就是为什么麦当劳限制供应其传奇的烤汁猪排骨的原因——一种市场营销的手段,使猪肉三明治变成了让人们着魔的一样东西。
《快乐理财》比较适合那些日子过得不错但对自己的成就还不满意的读者们,而不是还在为糊口而奔波的人。金钱也许不能够买来幸福,但是在这个世界上富裕国家的人们要比贫穷国家的人们更幸福一点。通过对比富国和穷国的人们购物的初衷就能发现把钱花在享受过程与买东西之间的区别,因此,对于大多数人来说稀缺可以提高他们对大多数东西的快乐感。不是所有的人都认同作者的这种政策性理念,这些理念包含从诸如调整更多的假期时间到减少美国购房者的税收优惠。但是大多数看过这本书的人们都认为它值得一买。
Text 2
文章分析
本文选自The Star Online(《星报在线》)2013年6月29日一篇题为“How We Really Rate Our Looks”的文章,属于科研类范畴。
第一段通过《科学美国人》上的一项实证研究引出了本文探讨的主要观点,人们往对自己的评价过高;第二段描述了人们过高评价自己的表现;第三段介绍了Epley的实验过程;第四段给出了该实验的结果:自我评价高的人,自信心也会很高;最后一段在重申文章主题的基础上,解释了人们的这一心理过程。
试题解析
26. 根据第一段,社会心理学家发现______。
[A] 我们的自我评价过高
[B] 虚幻的优越感是一种无根据的效应
[C] 我们对于领导能力的需求是反常的
[D] 自我提高策略无效
【答案】A
【考点】推理题
【命题思路】这是一道封闭式推理题。考生要明确判断出研究结果,也就是论点。
【直击答案】根据题干定位到第一段。该段第一句提到,实证研究表明人们总是认为自己比自己的实际面貌更漂亮,即人们对自己的评价过高。此外,最后一句提到所有的这些数据都不可能实现,其中“impossibilities”对应A项中“unrealistically high”,因此正确答案为A项。
【干扰排除】第一段第二句提到了“illusory superiority”这一概念,但在第二句中表明这种自我感觉良好(illusory superiority)是源于人们的心理需求,而非毫无根据(baseless),B项与原文相反。领导能力(leadership)方面的评价作为一个论据出现在该句,而题干考查的是论点,因此排除C项。该句还提到我们使用了一些“selfenhancing strategies”来做研究,并得到了结果,这说明自我提高策略是有效的,而并非D项所描述的“ineffective”(无效的),故排除。
27. 视觉识别被认为是人们______。
[A] 迅速的观察
[B] 有意识的选择
[C] 本能的反应
[D] 自发的自我防御
【答案】C
【考点】细节题
【命题思路】这是一道细节题。文章对题干中考查的概念给出了明确的定义,考生只需在定位后即可得出答案。
【直击答案】根据题干关键词visual recognition定位到第三段第三句话。这句话明确指出visual recognition … is…an process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation,C项中的“intuitive”是原文“occurring rapidly and intuitively”的同义替换,“response”是“an automatic psychological process”的同义替换,都强调本能的反应,故C项为正确答案。
【干扰排除】第三段第三句话中提到了occurring rapidly(迅速发生),但同时也指出视觉识别是一个自发的心理过程,但A项中的“watching”是一个生理现象,与原文不符,故排除。同理,D项中的“selfdefence”,自我防御,也与原文不符。这句话同时也指出视觉识别在发生的时候“with little or no conscious deliberation”,与B项“conscious choice”正好相反,故排除。
28. 艾普利认为有较高自信心的人们倾向于______。
[A] 低估他们的不安全感
[B] 相信他们的吸引力
[C] 掩盖他们的沮丧
[D] 使他们幻想中的自己过于简单化
【答案】B
【考点】细节题
【命题思路】这是一道细节题。主要考查了对长难句的把握和划分,考生只要能够读懂第四段第三句话即可得出正确答案。
【直击答案】根据题干可以回文定位到第四段第三句话“In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher selfesteem.”。该句意为:事实上那些认为改良过有较大吸引力的照片是自己真正的照片的人也正是那些自信心较高的人。由此可见,B项,相信他们的吸引力,是正确答案,“thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real”是对原文的同义替换。
【干扰排除】第四段第二句提到,没有证据表明自我提高这一必要性是为了弥补不安全感(insecurities),而文中并没有提到不安全感和自信心之间的关系,因而A项属于无中生有。C项中的“cover up”(掩盖)并没有在文中提及,故排除。D项“使他们幻想中的自己过于简单化”与原文信息不符。事实上,有较高自信心的人会将自己幻想得比真实面貌更具有吸引力,而非更简单,故排除。
29. 与第五段第二行的单词“viscerally”意义最接近的是______。
[A] 本能地
[B] 偶尔地
[C] 特别地
[D] 具有侵略性地
【答案】A
【考点】词义推理题
【命题思路】这是一道词义题。词义题的解题方式之一就是通过文中给出的线索,例如破折号,同位语,以及一些短语,如that is,in other words等进行判断。这道题的解题线索就是破折号。
【直击答案】根据题干定位到第五段第一句话,viscerally之后有一个明显的解题线索:破折号。该句明确告知考生上半句的“the results of Epley’s study”即是后半句现象“hate photographs of themselves so viscerally”理解的依据。而Epley的研究结果表明人们美化自己的做法是一种本能的反应。这就解释了很多人不喜欢自己的照片这一现象。因此正确答案为A项“本能地”。
【干扰排除】文章首段就提出人们总是认为自己比自己的实际面貌更漂亮,也就是说他们总是讨厌真实的自己,因而B项occasionally“偶尔的”,与原文信息不符。Epley的研究发现这一点是人们自动的,没有特意思考的一种心理过程,因此C项错误。同时,作者只是客观地描述了人们的这一心理过程,并没有对此做出负面的评价,因此D项aggressively,“具有侵略性的”,与原文意思不符。
30. 可以从文中推出Facebook之所以是自我提高者的天堂是因为______。
[A] 展示了他们不真实的一面
[B] 明确了他们传统的生活方式
[C] 分享他们的智力追求
[D] 掩盖了他们不吸引人的一面
【答案】D
【考点】推理题
【命题思路】这是一道原因推理题,考生在回文定位之后可以推理出正确答案。
【直击答案】根据题干定位到最后一段第二句话,这句话中where引导的定语从句对这个paradise进行解释,而最后一句话引用专家的话进一步进行说明,指出“they portray an idealized version of themselves”,D项“掩盖了他们不吸引人的一面”是原文信息的正话反说,因此为正确答案。
【干扰排除】第五段最一句话提到“这并不代表他们的档案不真实(dishonest)”,因而A项“展示了他们不真实的一面”与原文信息相反,故排除。第五段第二句话提到,在Facebook上他们可以展示出自己在机智、风格、美貌、智力和生活方式的精华面,因而B项“定义了他们传统的生活方式”在文中并未提及,C项“分享他们的智力追求”只是一个方面,该选项以偏概全,故排除。
长难句解析
- We have a deepseated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of selfenhancing strategies to research into what they call the “above average effect”, or“illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.
【解析】这是一个由第一个and连接的并列复合句。在and之后的这个简单句we naturally employ…中嵌套了一个由what引导的宾语从句;其中shown…是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰前面提到的“above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”;在这个过去分词短语中嵌套了一个由that引导的宾语从句;这个宾语从句的后半部分93% in driving…用到了省略结构;最后,破折号后面的内容是对前面从句的补充说明。
【译文】我们总是自我感觉良好,这是一种根深蒂固的需求,自然地,我们就会采用一些自我提高的策略来研究学者们所谓的“高于平均水平效应”或者“虚幻的优越感”,并得出,例如,70% 的人认为他们的领导能力高于平均水平,93%的人认为自己的驾驶技术高于平均水平,85%的人会认为自己与别人的相处能力比他人好——而从统计学的角度来看,所有这些数据明显不可能存在。 - In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher selfesteem.
【解析】这是一个主从复合句。这句话中有两个由who引导的定语从句修饰前面的those;在第一个定语从句里又嵌套了一个由that引导的宾语从句。这个句子的主干是those…were real directly corresponded with those…。
【译文】事实上,那些认为改良过有较大吸引力的照片是自己真正照片的人也正是那些自信心较高的人。
核心词汇
empirical a. 经验主义的
illusory a. 错觉的;幻影的;虚假的
superiority n.优越;高傲
criticize v. 批评,指责;评论,评价
esteem v. 尊敬,敬重
compress v. 压紧,压缩;把……打成包
intuitive a. 直觉的
deliberation n. 审议;考虑;从容
flatter v. 奉承,向……献媚
paradise n. 天堂,天国;伊甸园
insecurity n. 不安全,不牢靠;心神不定
全文翻译
《科学美国人》中的一篇文章指出,实证研究表明:事实上,人们总是认为自己比自己的实际面貌更加漂亮。我们总是自我感觉良好,这是一种根深蒂固的需求,自然地,我们就会采用一些自我提高的策略来研究学者们所谓的“高于平均水平效应”或者“虚幻的优越感”,并得出,例如,70%的人认为他们的领导能力高于平均水平,93%的人认为自己的驾驶技术高于平均水平,85%的人会认为自己与别人的相处能力比他人好——而从统计学的角度来看,所有这些数据明显不可能存在。
我们给自己的记忆添上浪漫的色彩,并且将自己置于自我确定的情况中。当受到批评时,我们会进行防御。并用他人负面刻板的印象来提高自己的自信,我们高昂阔步以为自己是了不起的人。
心理学家和行为科学家尼古拉斯·艾普利进行了一个自我提高和吸引力方面的研究。他不仅仅让受试者给自己的美貌打分并与其他人相对比,还要求他们从一堆已经改得更加或者不怎么具有吸引力的照片中辨别出自己原始面貌的照片。这项研究认为视觉识别是“一个自发的心理过程,它会快速并直觉地反应出来,而极少带有那种明显有意识的思考”。如果受试对象很快选择了一张虚伪的讨人喜欢的照片——肯定会这么做——他们就真的认为这是他们真正的模样。
艾普利发现在做出反应时,男女之间并没有很大的性别差异。也没有证据表明自我提高这一必要性(也就是说,这些受试者认为改得好的照片是真正的自己)是为了弥补不安全感。事实上,那些认为改良过有较大吸引力的照片是自己真正照片的人也正是那些自信心较高的人。艾普利说:“我认为我们目前的发现并不是个人幻觉的证据,它仅仅是一种自我认识良好的反应。”如果你觉得很郁闷,就不会进行自我提高。
了解了艾普利的研究结果,人们本能的讨厌自己的照片这一点也就能够想得通了——从某种层面上来说,他们甚至认为那些照片中的人不是自己,因而,Facebook也就成了自我提高者的天堂,在那里他们可以分享最讨人喜欢的照片,以及他们的机智、风格、美貌、智力和生活方式的精华面。这并不代表他们的档案不真实,威斯康星麦迪逊大学的卡特琳娜·托马说,“他们塑造了一个理想化的自己”。
Text 3
文章分析
本文选自Scientific American(《科学美国人》)2012年12月17日一篇题为“Can We Win the Race Against Machines”的文章,属于社会生活类范畴。
第一段提出问题,指出机器正在吞噬人类的工作;第二段分析问题,认为原因一是科技提高了机器的性能,从而替代了人类某些工作;第三段转折指出岗位自身存在着问题;第四段具体分析岗位自身的问题是:其标准化扼杀了人类的“主动性”与“创造性”,更适合机器,而非人。第五段和第六段解决问题,认为其根本途径是工作模式的改进。
试题解析
31. 由第一段可以得出,经济下滑会________。
[A] 缓和人与机器之间的竞争
[B] 强调机器对人类工作的威胁
[C] 引起痛苦的技术革命
[D] 淘汰我们当前的经济结构
【答案】B
【考点】细节题
【命题思路】这是一道细节题,重点考查对原文信息的理解以及因果关系的转换。
【直击答案】根据题干中的关键词“first paragraph”和“economic downturn”可以回文定位到第一段第一句话。该句中的but属于句内转折,后半句是作者要强调的内容。该句指出“人们对这一现象感受最为深切的却是在经济滑坡和经济复苏敏感的时期”。选项B的表达与该句意思相符。其中“this phenomenon”指代前半句中的“man versus machine”,即选项B中的“machines’ threat to human jobs”;而“highlight”是原文中“most acutely felt”的同义替换。
【干扰排除】选项A中的“ease”与原文中的“most acutely felt”表述相反,故排除。选项C中的“painful”在原文中修饰的是“经济繁荣与萧条循环中的痛苦阶段”;且原文提及的是“industrial revolution”而非“technological revolution”,两者属于不同的概念。第一段第三句指出,机器淘汰了一些工作职位,而非选项D中的淘汰我们当前的经济结构,这属于张冠李戴。
32. 《与机器赛跑》一书的作者认为________。
[A] 科技正在不断减少人们的工作机会
[B] 自动化加速了科技的进步
[C] 某些工作在实现自动化后仍完好无恙
[D] 人类将最终赢得与机器的赛跑
【答案】A
【考点】细节题
【命题思路】这是一个人物观点细节题,找到文中argument指代的内容即可得出答案。
【直击答案】根据题干中的书名可以回文定位到第二段第二句话。该句中的“this argument”,即该书作者的观点,指代的正是该段第一句的内容:随着技术的不断发展,即使最具有免疫力的工作也面临着威胁。选项A的表述与此一致,“technology”对应原文“When…”(随着技术的发展),且“is diminishing man’s job opportunity”是原文“jobs…suddenly become threatened”的同义替换。
【干扰排除】选项B属于无中生有,文章并未提及科技进步的原因。该选项将原文中两个无关的概念进行了错误搭配。选项C的表述与原文相反。选项D与原文观点相悖,是利用文中的单词“success”设置的干扰,原文只提到Race Against the Machine这本书很成功(success),并未提及“人类将最终赢得与机器的赛跑”。
33. Hagel认为,美国的工作通常______。
[A] 由具有创新思维的人来完成
[B] 以个人的方式照本宣科
[C] 被标准化但缺乏清晰的目标
[D] 其设计不利于人类创新
【答案】D
【考点】细节题
【命题思路】这是一道人物观点细节题,重点考查考生对长难句的理解。
【直击答案】根据题干中的关键词“Hagel”以及“jobs in the U.S.”可以回文定位到第四段第一句话。该句表达了Hagel对美国岗位设计(designed jobs in the U.S.)的观点。选项D的内容符合其观点。其中,“against”是原文“leave no room”的同义替换,且“human creativity”是原文“individual initiative or creativity”的同义替换。
【干扰排除】选项A与原文表述相反。选项B属于无中生有,是将文中所含scripted和individual两词的错误搭配。选项C中的“without a clear target”与原文语义相反。该段最后一句指出“我们给美国工人贴上了巨大的目标标签”,即美国的工作岗位有着明确的目标(照本宣科)。
34. 根据最后一段可知,Brynjolfsson和McAfee曾探讨过________。
[A] 机器行为在实践中的可预测性
[B] 如何开展有效工作的模式
[C] 现代机器取代人类劳动力的方式
[D] 人类参与工作的必要性
【答案】B
【考点】推理题
【命题思路】这是一道推理题,重点考查的是代词指代以及段落中心的归纳。
【直击答案】根据题干可以定位到最后一段,其中touched on this point即为Brynjolfsson和McAfee的观点。而this point则回指第五段的内容,起到承上启下的作用。第五段指出需要调整现在的工作模式,需要人们发挥主动性和创造性。第六段最后一句再次强调问题的核心是人类要革新工作方式。因此正确答案为选项D,强调人类的参与。
【干扰排除】选项A偷换概念,第五段第四句指出机器只能完成“预先设定的(predictable)工作(activities)”,而非“机器行为”的可预测性。选项B中的“efficiently”在文中并未提及。选项C与原文信息相反,第六段第三句话指出,我们需要看到机器提高人力而非取代人力(rather than replace it)的方面。
35. 以下哪项是本文最合适的标题?
[A] 如何革新我们的工作方式?
[B] 机器将会取代人力
[C] 我们能够赢得与机器的竞争吗?
[D] 经济下滑激发创新
【答案】C
【考点】主旨题
【命题思路】这是一道主旨题,考查对文章的归纳总结,且正确选项应具有“宏观覆盖性”。
【直击答案】综合各段大意可知,本文讨论的核心是“人机相争”这一现象。面对机器对人类岗位的吞噬,作者强调要改变我们的工作模式,注重在工作中发挥人的主动性与创造力,使机器帮助人。因此正确答案为选项C。
【干扰排除】选项A出现在最后一段最后一句话。但该句仅指出了解决人机相争问题的方向,而文中并未涉及“究竟如何革新工作方式”的内容。文章首段提到了“某些工作被机器所淘汰”,但并不能推出选项B,且该选项与全文意思不合。选项D只是第一段提到的细节信息,不具有概括性。
长难句解析
- This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.
【解析】本句的主干是This argument has attracted a lot of attention。介词短语via…作方式状语修饰谓语动词;接着介词短语by…作非限制性后置定语,介绍the book的作者。最后who引导定语从句,对前面两位作者的身份补充说明。
【译文】来自麻省理工学院数学经济中心的Erik Brynjolfsson和Andrew McAfee合著了《与机器赛跑》一书,通过该书的热卖,上述观点已受到广泛的关注。 - Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be“tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity”.
【解析】本句的主干是Hagel says,says后面省略了宾语从句的引导词that。在宾语从句中嵌套了一个that引导的定语从句修饰jobs,而在这个定语从句中又嵌套了一个that引导的定语从句修饰ones,ones指代前面出现的jobs。
【译文】Hagel认为,在美国我们所设计的工作岗位是“严格照本宣科”以及“高度标准化”的,这样的岗位并没有给个人的主动性和创新性留有空间。
核心词汇
fragile a. 脆弱的,易碎的
boom n. 繁荣 vt. 使……兴旺
outmode vt. 使……过时;淘汰
immune a. 免疫的,免于……的
insatiable a. 无法满足的
vulnerable a. 易受伤害的,易受攻击的
initiative n. 主动权 a. 主动的,首创的
formula n. 公式,准则
predictable a. 可预测的
augment v.增加,增大
全文翻译
人机相争的概念至少可以追溯到工业革命时期,但是在经济下滑以及经济复苏的敏感时期,人们对这一现象的感受往往更为强烈。然而,认为我们当前正处于经济繁荣与萧条循环的痛苦阶段的这一想法并不正确。某些工作被机器所淘汰,已永久性消失。由于技术对吞噬人类工作的欲望是无穷尽的,所以该现象会继续以我们无法预见的方式重塑我们的经济结构。
随着成本的下降以及技术的改进,曾经不受自动化影响的工作如今也突然面临着威胁。来自麻省理工学院数学经济中心的Erik Brynjolfsson和Andrew McAfee合著了《与机器赛跑》一书,通过该书的热卖,上述观点已受到广泛的关注。这是一个强有力的观点,但同时也是一个让人感到恐慌的观点。然而,著有《拉动力》及其他作品的John Hagel认为Erik Brynjolfsson和Andrew McAfee忽略了这些工作在技术面前为什么如此脆弱的根本原因。
Hagel认为,在美国我们所设计的工作岗位是“严格照本宣科”以及“高度标准化”的,这样的岗位并没有给个人的主动性和创新性留有空间。简而言之,与人类相比,机器能够更为出色地完成这些工作。他同时指出,这就是我们如何为美国工人贴上了巨大的目标标签。
Hagel说,该是重新制定我们工作方式的时候了,这是因为目前我们仍然依赖着过去20世纪的工作理念。在经济形势瞬息万变的今天,我们比以往更加需要那些在工作中能够采取主动并发挥想象力去“应对突发情况”的人。这正是机器所不擅长的事情。它们是被设计来执行那些完全可预测的事情的。
Hagel还指出,Brynjolfsson和McAfee在他们的书中也确实提及这一点。我们需要把“与机器竞争”重新表述为“与机器一起赛跑”。换言之,我们需要看到机器提高人力的方面,而非取代人力。由此可见,问题确实不在于技术,而是相反,在于“我们该如何改进工作制度及工作方式”。
Text 4
文章分析
本文选自The Guardian(《英国卫报》)2013年6月一篇题为“Comprehensive Spending Review Could Turn the Housing Crisis Around”的文章,属于经济类范畴。
第一段开门见山指出住房问题不是人们关注的焦点;第二段阐述了其原因;第三段和第四段提到经济适用房的不良情况也急需改善;第五段中政府已经开始采取一些措施来改变目前的状况;第六段提出应该营造稳定的租赁环境;最后一段作者再次提出了住房建设问题在资金方面所面临的不容乐观的现实。
试题解析
36. 作者认为住房部门________。
[A] 吸引了很多的注意力
[B] 涉及一定的政治因素
[C] 担负了太多的责任
[D] 失去了在经济中的真正价值
【答案】B
【考点】细节题
【命题思路】这是一道细节题。考生需要回文定位后,将选项与原文逐一进行仔细的匹配即可得到正确答案。
【直击答案】根据题干可以回文定位到第二段。这一段最后一句话But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged中出现了but转折,而转折之后的内容通常都是作者想要说的重点。这句话中的“this issue”指代的就是建房问题,也就是题干中的“housing sector”;同时“so politically charged”正是B项中的“involves political factors”的同义替换,故正确选项为B项。
【干扰排除】文章第一段最后一句话提到,住房问题很少被提及。因而A项“吸引了很多的注意力”与原文意思相反,故排除。第二段第二句话指出在某种程度上,住房部门应该为此负责任,而C项的意思是,住房部门承担了太多的责任,属于望文生义,与原文不符,故排除。第二段第三句提到我们不太擅长传达住房给经济发展带来的真正价值,而D项所表达的是它已经失去了在经济发展中的真正价值。“不擅长传达价值”并不意味着“失去价值”,因而D项属于偷换概念,故排除。
37. 从文中可以得知经济适用房 。
[A] 增加了家庭住房供应量
[B] 提供了消费的机会
[C] 受到了政府部门的歧视
[D] 使政府部门失望
【答案】C
【考点】推理题
【命题思路】这是一道封闭式推理题。考生需要在对第三段和第四段的信息理解的基础之上进行推理。
【直击答案】根据题干可以定位到第三段第一句话,经济适用房的情况不容乐观。第四段接着提到政府的综合支出审查是改善这一情况的一次机会,但政府需要将历史偏见先放到一边。这说明经济适用房曾遇到过偏见,这正是C项所表达的含义。从同义替换的角度来看,“suffered”是过去式,是对于原文“historical” 的同义替换,“biases”是对原文“prejudices”的同义替换。
【干扰排除】A项与原文信息相反,第三段第二句指出对经济适用房的需求量一直增加(waiting lists increase),而非供应量(supply)增加。第四段说综合支出审查给改善经济适用房的情况提供了机会,而B项是指经济适用房给政府支出提供了机会,这属于信息混淆,故排除。D项“经济适用房让政府很失望”在文中并未提及,属于无中生有,故排除。
38. 根据第五段,乔治·奥斯本或许会。
[A] 允许更多的政府建房借贷
[B] 阻止当地政府建房
[C] 准备减少住房贷款
[D] 发布对GDP增长的预测
【答案】A
【考点】细节题
【命题思路】这是一道细节题,需要考生理解文中引用的人物观点。
【直击答案】根据题干中的人名可以回文定位到第五段第二句话。这句话指出乔治·奥斯本将会让当地政府用来偿还建房借贷的限额变得更加宽松,并且在借贷限额放宽的情况下,将会另有六万套新房在未来的五年中建造。因而A项“允许更多的政府建房借贷”是正确选项,其中“greater government debt”是原文中“more flexibility to the current cap”的同义替换。
【干扰排除】第五段最后一句话指出未来的五年政府将会建造六万套新房,B项的意思是阻止当地政府建房,这与原文信息正好相反,故排除。C项,减少住房贷款也与原文信息相反,故排除。文中提到随着建房借贷限额的提高,GDP也会随之增长,并未提到乔治会发布对GDP增长的预测,因而D项属于无中生有,故排除。
39. 从文中可以推出稳定的租赁环境会______。
[A] 减少注册供应商的成本
[B] 减少政府干预的影响
[C] 有助于投资新的发展
[D] 减少部长们的责任
【答案】C
【考点】推理题
【命题思路】这是一道封闭式推理题。考生只要对第六段一句话的内容做出正确的理解即可得出答案。
【直击答案】根据题干回文定位到第六段。第六段的这句话指出,租赁环境的稳定性对注册供应商用税收投资新发展项目的能力有很重要的影响。这与C项“有助于投资新的发展”意思相符,而且“contribute to”与原文中的“have a significant impact”表达的含义一致,而且都是为了“fund new developments”,故C项为正确答案。
【干扰排除】A项 “cost”一词在文中并未提及,故该选项无中生有,是错误选项。B项“减少政府干预的影响”也未在文中提及,亦属于无中生有。第六段的主要内容集中在领导应该考虑创建更加稳定的租赁环境,进一步讲,他们应该承担更多的责任,而并非D项所表达的含义减轻了领导的责任,故D项与原文意思不符。
40. 作者认为2015年以后,政府或许会______。
[A] 实施更多的政策来支持住房建设
[B] 重新审视大规模的公共设施投资需求
[C] 更新经济适用房建设计划
[D] 停止对住房部分的大额资助
【答案】D
【考点】推理题
【命题思路】这是一道开放式推理题。考生需要将最后一段的主要内容和文章的主旨相结合进行推理。
【直击答案】根据题干可以回文定位到最后一段。第二句提到用于建设经济适用房项目的资金将于2015年到期,而且不可能延期。这就意味着政府的投资停止了。D项与原文信息相符。
【干扰排除】文中主要提到的是住房建设所遇到的资金问题,并没有提及政策性问题,因而A项属于无中生有,故排除。最后一段第四句话提到我们不可能再回到大规模的公共设施投资时代,因此政府未来将不会再重新审视大规模的公共设施投资需求,故B项与原文意思不符。同理,政府也不会更新经济适用房建设计划,故排除C项。
长难句解析
- Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in therental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.
【解析】这是一个主从复合句,其中which引导的非限制性定语从句,是对前面整个句子的修饰;从句中用到了短语“have impact on sth.”含义是对某事有影响;接着to fund new…是目的状语。
【译文】领导们同样也应该考虑为租赁环境创造更多的稳定性,这对注册供应商用税收投资新的发展项目的能力有很重要的影响。 - While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn program of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then.
【解析】这是一个由while引导的让步状语从句,从句是一个简单句,主句中嵌套了一个由that引导的同位语从句,解释说明fact;在这个从句中existing £4.5bn是program的前置定语,to fund new affordable housing是to do不定式作后置定语,set to expire是过去分词短语作定语修饰program,谓语动词是is。
【译文】虽然这些措施在短期内会受到欢迎,但是我们必须面对这样的事实:目前授予投资新的经济适用房建设项目的资金是45亿英镑,到2015年过期,并且这笔钱不可能延期。
核心词汇
infrastructure n. 基础设施;基础结构
contribute v.捐款,捐献;提供
scale n. 鳞;天平;比例尺;规模
inevitable a. 不可避免的,必然发生的
affordable a. 负担得起的,买得起的
prejudice n. 成见,偏见,歧视
comprehensive a. 广泛的,综合的;理解力的
rectify v. 改正
cap n. 帽子;盖,罩 v. 覆盖,笼罩,密封
rental n. 租金;租赁,出租
register v. 登记,注册;音域
expire v. 期满,到期,终止
coalition n. 结合,联合;同盟
全文翻译
当政府讨论到对经济做出贡献的基础设施时,焦点通常集中在公路、铁路、宽带和能源方面。却很少涉及住房问题。
为什么会是这样呢?在某种程度上住房建设部门应该为此负责任。我们不太擅长给公众传达住房给经济发展带来的真正价值。此外典型的住房建设项目形成了一定的规模。这就很难在数亿万英镑的基础设施建设中获得注意力,所以不可避免的,人们的关注焦点就转到其他方面了。但是或许最重要的原因是这一问题总是与政治相关。
然而,经济适用房的情况也不容乐观。等待买房的名单一直在增加,我们建造的新房子总是不够。
这次综合支出审查给政府提供了一个机会来帮助调整这种情况。这需要将历史偏见放在一边,并采取一些措施来解决目前住房紧张的问题。
有迹象表明政府已经开始着手采取一些措施了。社区部长唐·福斯特暗示,财政部部长乔治·奥斯本或许会采取一些灵活性的措施,以放宽目前当地政府能够借来应对建房债务的最高限额。有证据显示如果这一限额能够提高,那么接下来的五年就能够建造六万套新房,GDP也会随之增长0.6%。
领导们同样也应该考虑为租赁环境创造更多的稳定性,这对注册供应商用税收投资新的发展项目的能力有很重要的影响。
但这并不能仅仅只靠政府。虽然这些措施在短期内会受到欢迎,但是我们必须面对这样的事实:目前授予投资新的经济适用房建设项目的资金是4.5billion,到2015年过期,并且这笔钱不可能延期。工党最近发表声明称如果他们能够上台,那么联合政府的大部分消费计划将会得以保留。住房部门需要接受我们不可能再回到大规模的公共设施投资时代的现实。我们需要做出调整以适应目前不断改变的环境。
Part B
文章分析
文章选自2013年5月20日发表于《电讯报》(The Telegraph)题为《不寻常的土地——英国的地景艺术》(Uncommon Ground—Land Art in Britain)的文章。主要对英国的地景艺术以及其艺术家和代表作进行了介绍。
文章第一段用一个简单的例子解释说明了地景艺术的概念。第二段介绍了地景艺术著名的艺术家理查德·隆的代表作《走出来的线》。第三段指出地景艺术打破了艺术的传统界限。第四段和第五段介绍了地景艺术展览会的展览方式。第六段到第九段展现了不同风格的地景艺术作品。
词句分析
- Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery.
【词汇】emerge: 浮现,暴露;peak: 山峰,最高点,顶点;confine: 界限,边界;限制
【分析】这是一个主从复合句,分词短语Emerging…作句子的时间状语,主句是Land Art was one of a range of new forms。分词短语including…为插入语解释说明forms的具体内容。which引导定语从句修饰限定主句中的Land Art。
【译文】地景艺术出现于上世纪六十年代,并在七十年代达到顶峰,它是一系列新的艺术形式之一,包括人体艺术、表演艺术、行为艺术和装饰艺术,它使艺术超越了工作室和画廊的传统界限。 - Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground,is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.
【词汇】embrace:拥抱,信奉;commonplaceness:普通的东西,老生常谈
【分析】该句的主干是:Their Olaf Street Study, … , is one of the few works。两个逗号中间的内容是插入语,补充说明该作品的内容。不定式to embrace…作后置定语修饰works;that引导定语从句修饰名词commonplaceness。
【译文】他们的代表作《奥拉夫街研究》是一个散落在垃圾场上的砖形成的正方形,是为数不多能够体现世俗的作品之一,刻画了我们大多数时间里对景观的主要感受。 - Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park, in which a longhaired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.
【词汇】feature: 以…… 为特色;unwittingly: 不知不觉地;assault: 袭击,攻击
【分析】这是一个主从复合句, 句子的主干是Parks feature in the earlier works。插入语such as举例说明earlier works。in which引导定语从句修饰限定前面的Across the Park。在这个定语从句中,is smiled 和 is assaulted是两个并列的谓语动词。其中又嵌套了一个that引导的定语从句修饰限定前面的images。
【译文】以公园为主题的艺术品比较有特色,尤其是早期的作品,如约翰·希利亚德的很搞笑的作品《穿越公园》,其中一个漂亮的女孩朝着一个长头发的流浪者微笑,而不知不觉中这个流浪者被卷入一系列图像中,这些图像最终实际上是同一张照片的不同部分。
解题策略
首先读左边方框的五个题干,都是作品的名称,因而可以判断出要求把右边方框对作品特点的描述与左边方框的作品逐项对应。再读右边方框的内容可以发现几个高频词汇“British”、“Land Art”和“Landscape”等。由此可以看出这些作品都是英国地景艺术的代表作。然后根据题干中的关键词来通读全文。本文中出题顺序和文章顺序是一致的,因此可以按照顺序来配对,根据正确选项和错误选项的特征最终确定答案,并进行再次验证。
题目分析
【答案】D
【考点】特征词对比
【解析】根据题干中的关键词定位到第四段第一句话Stone Circle, … , represents…,这句话表明Stone Circle代表了地景艺术优雅和阳春白雪的一面。其中D项中的British land art对应原文中的Land Artist,而represents the elegance是原文信息的复现,故为正确答案。
42.
【答案】E
【考点】特征词对比
【解析】根据题干中的关键词文定位到第四段第四句Their OlafStreet Study… ,这句话指出Olaf Street Study是为数不多能够体现世俗的作品之一。E项中的depicts是原文中embrace的同义替换,ordinary side是原文commonplaceness的同义替换。
43.
【答案】G
【考点】特征词对比
【解析】根据题干中的关键词定位到第五段第一句话。其中in which引导的定语从句是对《穿越公园》这一作品的内容描述,关键是这个定语从句中嵌套的that引导的定语从句,对images进行解释说明。而G项中的contains是对这句话中turn out to be的同义替换,different parts of the same photograph是原文信息的复现,故G为正确答案。
44.
【答案】C
【考点】特征词对比
【解析】根据题干中的关键词定位到第六段第三句话。这句话的主干部分Towards Avebury…evokes a tradition of English landscape painting所表达的意思是《走向埃夫伯里石》唤起了人们对英国山风景画传统的记忆。从同义替换的角度来看,C项的reminds对应原文中的evokes,English landscape painting tradition对应原文中的a tradition of English landscape painting。
45.
【答案】A
【考点】特征词对比
【解析】根据题干中的关键词定位到第七段第二句话“A typical work…on a epic walk”。选项A中的a long walk对应原文中的walking和epic walk (远足),originates from对应原文中的taken,the artist took对应该段第一句话提到的find a way of making his love of walking pay,说明该艺术家通过地景作品的创作使自己酷爱的步行产生了回报。
全文翻译
地景艺术出现于六十年代末,并在七十年代达到顶峰,属于一系列新的艺术形式之一。这些艺术形式还包括人体艺术,表演艺术,行为艺术和装饰艺术,它们使艺术突破了工作室和画廊的传统界限。 地景艺术家并不进行景观描绘而是把土地自身的实物用作自己创作的媒介。
以隆的作品为代表,英国的地景艺术不仅在国内多具规模,而且比其美国同行要更加稀奇古怪。事实上,虽然你可能会认为,一个地景艺术的展览会仅仅只包含对作品的记录而非作品本身,其实隆的作品拍成的照片就是展览的作品。因为他的“创作”发生在过去,所以照片是唯一的体现。
隆是英国最著名的地景艺术家,他的作品《石圈》是由来自波提斯黑德海滩的紫色岩石在画廊地板上设计而成的一个完美环形,代表地景艺术优雅和阳春白雪的一面。然而另一方面,博伊尔家族则代表着该艺术世俗和都市化的一面。该家族包括艺术家马克·博伊尔、琼·希尔斯以及他们的子女,他们在画廊的墙壁上随机地重塑了英国景观的各种风貌。他们的代表作《奥拉夫街研究》是一个散落在垃圾场上的砖形成的正方形,是为数不多能够体现世俗的作品之一,刻画了我们大多数时间里对景观的主要感受。
以公园为主题的艺术品比较有特色,尤其是早期的作品,如约翰·希利亚德的很有趣的作品《穿越公园》,在这部作品中,一个漂亮的女孩不断朝着一个长头发的流浪者微笑,而流浪者却莫名其妙地遭到攻击,这些图像最终实际上是同一张照片的不同部分。
然而,总的来说,英国的地景艺术家宁愿远离城镇,到那些传统意义上被视为美丽的景区,如胡泊地区或威尔特郡丘陵景观区。虽然在当时可能并不显眼,但这种作品大部分都弥漫着浪漫的逃避现实的精神,这种精神很容易被华兹华斯这样的人理解。德里克·贾曼的影片《走向埃夫伯里石》,画面以黄色为主色调,是对威尔特郡景观的一系列长景拍摄,大都是静态画面,这唤起了人们对从塞缪尔·帕尔默一直到保罗·纳什富的英国风景画传统的记忆。
说到哈米什·富尔顿,你不禁感慨道,这位苏格兰艺术家找到了一种方式,让自己酷爱的步行产生回报。 如《七天》这幅典型的作品,是由一张美丽的黑白照片组成,它拍摄于一次史诗般的徒步之旅,在作品的下面列出了远足的里程数和天数。正如在这次精心挑选过,但规模相对不大的展览中所显示的,英国的地景艺术并不是对自然风景的扰乱,而是一种经由创作的以自然景观为导向的光概念艺术。 它起源于户外,但最终与特纳和康斯特布尔的作品一样局限于画廊。
Section Ⅲ Translation
重点详解
According to BenShalar, realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
【考点】并列句;定语从句
【解析】①句子主干为realistic optimists are these, but not these。
②由but 引起的两个并列句中实现定语从句的these who(黑体部分)和those who(黑体部分)的对应,第一个分句中嵌套that引导的定语从句,第二个分句中的斜体部分为宾语从句,作believe的宾语,省略了关系代词that被。
【词汇】optimist n. 乐观主义者
【译文】在本沙哈尔看来,现实的乐观主义者会因势利导,而非求全责备。
He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t.
【考点】介词后的宾语从句
【解析】①句子主干为He analyzes the weak lecture。
②非谓语动词短语leaning lessons for the future作主句的目的状语,lessons这里理解为“经验,教训”。about的宾语是两个并列的从句what works and what doesn’t,其中what doesn’t为省略结构,补充完整为what doesn’t work。
【词汇】analyze v.分析
【译文】他分析了一些效果不好的演讲并且从那些起效和无效的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。
全文译文
大多数人认为乐观是无尽的欢乐,如同总是有半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所称道的虚假的快乐。哈佛大学的泰·本沙哈尔教授说,“健康的乐观主义意味着要活在现实之中。”在本沙哈尔看来,现实的乐观主义者会因势利导,而非求全责备。
本沙哈尔会使用三种乐观的方法。比如说,当他因搞砸了一场演讲而倍感郁闷的时候,他会告诉自己这是很正常的事,提醒自己:并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔奖,总会有一些人的演讲效果不及其他人。接着为改进。他分析了一些效果不好的演讲并且从那些起效和无效的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最后是看待问题的角度,即在生活的宏伟计划中,一次演讲真的无足轻重。
Section Ⅳ Writing
Part A
审题
本提纲要求写一封建议信。应该用比较委婉的语气寻求对方的建议,由于是求学同窗的交流,所以语气应该比较和善自然并体现出对同学的尊重。题目指令中的重点信息有以下几个,请同学们审题的时候重点把握:1.关于自身生活习惯的正确表达;2.寻求对方对自己以后分享共同住所的生活建议。
行文
范文
Dear John,
My name is Li Ming, 24, a young guy from the south of China. I am very honored that I could be your roommate when I study in American and writing this letter to share something about me and ask for some suggestions from you.
Personally, I think I am quite easygoing and talkative to make friends everywhere, so please do not be surprised when I remind you of your old acquaintance. Moreover, sometimes I like to invite friends to share my Chinese cooking and cuisine, I wonder whether you could allow me to cook in our apartment and join in with us.
Finally, I really have a good expectation for my study and living in America and I will be very appreciated for your help and advice.
Yours Sincerely,
Li Ming
译文
亲爱的约翰:
我是李明,24岁来自中国南方。我很荣幸在您国家深造期间能与您成为室友。我写这封信是向您介绍我自己并且需要您给我一些在美国生活的建议。
我个人认为自己是一个很容易交往并且健谈的人,所以我可以在很多地方交到朋友,所以您见到我时感到像很熟悉的旧友的话可不要惊讶啊。不仅如此,我还喜欢有时邀请朋友来住所分享我的中国烹饪美食,我想知道您可否同意我在我们公寓里做饭并加入我们的分享。
最后,我真心地希望在美国的学习和生活顺利,特别感谢您的帮助和建议。
您真诚的,
李明
靓词
roommate n. 舍友
easygoing a. 好相处的
talkative a. 健谈的
acquaintance n.熟人;认识,了解
cuisine n. 烹饪
apartment n. 公寓
佳句
I am writing this letter to introduce myself and ask for some suggestions for …
我写信是介绍我自己并向您寻求关于……的建议。
I really have a good expectation for…
我对……有美好的期望。
…would be highly appreciated.
……将会使我非常感激。
I look forward to your reply and thank you for your precious time and due attention.
我期待着您的回复,感谢您的宝贵时间和关注。
万能模板
Dear________.
How delighted I am when________.I am writing this letter to________.
.
I wocld be mnost grateful if you would.Look forward to your early reply.
Sincerely yours,
_____________
Part B
审题
该表反映20年间中国城镇人口和乡村人口的变化以及对比,总体趋势显现出乡村人口增不但受到控制,还有下降趋势。
行文
范文
From the graph, we can clearly witness that the urban population was ascending while the rural population was declining during 1990 to 2010. The number of the urban citizens rose from 300 million in 1990 to about 460 million in 2000, and to about 685 million in 2010, while the rural people descended from about 820 million in 1990 to 800 million in 2000 and to 690 million in 2010. It’s apparent that in the past two decades, the urban population witnessed a steady growth, but in the latter decade, the rural population had a remarkable shrinkage.
Personally, there are two main reasons for this phenomenon. On one hand, the economic boom led to the regular improvement of people’sliving standard, and further resulted in a steady growing urban labor force. On the other hand, from 2000 the countryside urbanization oriented by the government gave rise to a conspicuously declining of rural labor force.
In conclusion, based on the analysis above, the increase of urban quantity of citizen will be going on, while the rural population will continue to drop in the future, which is the need and trend of china’s urbanization process.
译文
图表中显示,我们能清楚地看到在1990年到2010年间,城镇人口在减少,农村人口在增加。从1990年到2000年,城镇人口从300万增长到460万,到2010年就增加到了685万。然而城镇人口从1990年的820万下降到2010年的690万。很明显,在过去的20年间,城镇人口增长非常稳定,但是后来的10年中,乡村人口大量缩减。
个人看来,有两个造成图表现象的主要原因。一方面,经济的长足发展使得人民生活水平提高,致使城市劳动力有稳定的增长。另一方面,从2000年以来,政府引导的乡村城镇化造成农村劳动力有所减少。
总而言之,根据以上分析,城镇人口的增加会继续进行,然而农村人口在未来还会继续下降,这将是城镇化进程的需要及趋势。
靓词
graph n. 图表
witness v./n见证
ascend v. 上升
decline v. 下降
urbanization n. 城市化
analysis n. 分析
citizen n. 公民,百姓
conspicuous a. 明显的,显著的
佳句
From the graph, we can clearly witness that…
从图表中我们可以清楚的看到……
Personally, there are two main reasons for this phenomenon.
从个人角度看,有两个主要的原因造成上图现象。
In conclusion, based on the analysis above,…
总而言之,根据上述分析……
万能模板
The given…chart demonstrates________.As can be clearly seen from the chart,.
As far as I’m concerned,several factors can account for this trend.To begin with,.What’s more,.Last but not least,.
Given the analyses above,the conclusion can be drawn that________.