容器开发运维人员的 Linux 操作机配置优化建议

"工欲善其事必先利其器", 作为一个PAAS平台架构师, 容器相关技术(docker, k8s等)是必不可少的. 本文简单介绍下我自己的Linux操作机配置. 提升工作效率, 提高使用体验. :heart::heart::heart:

:exclamation: 注意:

本文以CentOS 7.6 为例, RHEL7.6 操作类似.

Ubuntu系统操作可以触类旁通. 没啥难度.

另外下文中会有一些"可选"项, 主要是针对一些特殊情况, 如: 需要通过代理连接互联网...

更换OS 软件安装源

目的: 加快软件下载速度.

可以换成: 阿里, 腾讯, 清华, 中科大...的源.

以清华Mirror为例, 操作步骤如下:

:bookmark: 参考文章:

清华大学开源软件镜像站 - CentOS 镜像使用帮助https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/centos/

操作步骤

先备份 CentOS-Base.repo

 sudo cp /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.bak

用下面内容覆盖CentOS-Base.repo

 # CentOS-Base.repo
 #
 # The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
 # update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
 # geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates
 # unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
 #
 # If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
 # remarked out baseurl= line instead.
 #
 #

[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-7

#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-7



#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-7



#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-7
```

更新软件包缓存
```
 sudo yum makecache
```

配置代理(可选)

sudo vi /etc/profile.d/setproxy.sh

#!/bin/sh

# for terminal
export proxyserveraddr=127.0.0.1
export proxyserverport=8080
export HTTP_PROXY="http://$proxyserveraddr:$proxyserverport/"
export HTTPS_PROXY="http://$proxyserveraddr:$proxyserverport/"
# export FTP_PROXY="ftp://$proxyserveraddr:$proxyserverport/"
# export SOCKS_PROXY="socks://$proxyserveraddr:$proxyserverport/"
export NO_PROXY="localhost,127.0.0.1,localaddress,.localdomain.com"
export http_proxy="http://$proxyserveraddr:$proxyserverport/"
export https_proxy="http://$proxyserveraddr:$proxyserverport/"
# export ftp_proxy="ftp://$proxyserveraddr:$proxyserverport/"
# export socks_proxy="socks://$proxyserveraddr:$proxyserverport/"
export no_proxy="localhost,127.0.0.1,localaddress,.localdomain.com"

sudo source /etc/profile.d/setproxy.sh

YUM配置代理

echo "proxy=http://127.0.0.1:8080" >> /etc/yum.conf

安装及配置Git

目的: 使用Git, 毕竟很多资料、代码库和软件都需要通过git clone

步骤

sudo yum install -y git
配置全局用户: git config --global user.name "<username>"
配置全局email: git config --global user.email "<username@example.com>"
(可选): 配置ssh认证
1. :bookmark: 参考文档: GitHub - 使用 SSH 连接到 GitHub https://docs.github.com/cn/github/authenticating-to-github/connecting-to-github-with-ssh

(可选): 配置代理Proxy

 # 查看当前代理设置
 git config --global http.proxy

 # 设置当前代理为 http://127.0.0.1::8080 或 socket5://127.0.0.1::8080
 git config --global http.proxy 'http://127.0.0.1::8080'
 git config --global https.proxy 'http://127.0.0.1::8080'
 git config --global http.proxy 'socks5://127.0.0.1::8080'
 git config --global https.proxy 'socks5://127.0.0.1::8080' 

 # 删除 proxy 
 git config --global --unset http.proxy
 git config --global --unset https.proxy

(可选): 配置Proxy Bypass, 如对应仓库的origin需要Bypass: git config --add remote.origin.proxy ""

优化配置Shell

目的: zsh + plugins, 提供丰富而友好的shell体验. 如: 语法高亮, 自动补全, 自动建议, 容器相关插件...

安装zsh

sudo yum install -y zsh
zsh --version
sudo chsh -s $(which zsh)
# 注销

安装 powerline

可以通过pip安装:

pip install powerline-status

:bookmark: 参考文章:

powerline - Installation: https://powerline.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html#pip-installation

安装 oh-my-zsh

sh -c "$(wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh/master/tools/install.sh -O -)"

:warning: 注意:

如果连不上: <raw.githubusercontent.com>, 就从github对应的地址: https://github.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/blob/master/tools/install.sh把脚本复制下来运行.

安装zsh插件: `zsh-autosuggestions` 和 `zsh-syntax-highlighting`

:bookmark: 参考文档:

zsh-syntax-highlighting INSTALL.md: https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting/blob/master/INSTALL.md

`zsh-syntax-highlighting`

clone: git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting
在~/.zshrc激活插件: plugins=( [plugins...] zsh-syntax-highlighting)
重启zsh

`zsh-autosuggestions`

clone: git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions
在~/.zshrc激活插件: plugins=( [plugins...] zsh-autosuggestions)
重启zsh

使用 oh-my-zsh

编辑zshrc文件: vi ~/.zshrc

# 修改主题
ZSH_THEME="agnoster"

# 启用插件
plugins=(
  git
  ansible
  docker-compose
  docker
  helm
  kubectl
  minikube
  oc
  pip
  python
  ubuntu
  zsh-autosuggestions
  zsh-syntax-highlighting
)

:notebook: 备注:

helm: k8s上的镜像包管理工具
minikube: 最小化K8S安装工具
oc: K8S的RedHat商业发行版(OpenShift)的命令行工具

最终效果

按需安装常用软件

目的: 根据自己需要, 按需安装常用软件和工具

sudo yum -y install dnsmasq httpd haproxy nginx \
                    python3 \
                    genisoimage libguestfs-tools

按需配置服务和开机自启动:

systemctl enable haproxy.service 
systemctl start haproxy.service 
...

安装jq, jq安装链接https://stedolan.github.io/jq/download/. JQ是个json格式化命令行工具, 在日常管理K8S中很有用.

安装容器类组件

docker全家桶

建议直接安装docker全家桶, 省心省力

:bookmark: 参考文档:

Install Docker Engine on CentOS: https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/centos/

卸载老版本:

 $ sudo yum remove docker \
                   docker-client \
                   docker-client-latest \
                   docker-common \
                   docker-latest \
                   docker-latest-logrotate \
                   docker-logrotate \
                   docker-engine

配置REPOSITORY

 $ sudo yum install -y yum-utils

 $ sudo yum-config-manager \
     --add-repo \
     https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

安装:

 $ sudo yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

启动:
```
 $ sudo systemctl start docker
```
验证:
```
 $ sudo docker run hello-world
```

其他开源组件

对于RedHat系, 可能要安装多个组件替代:

sudo yum -y install buildah podman skopeo

:notebook: 备注:

buildah: 构建容器镜像的组件
podman: 运行容器镜像的组件
skopeo: 传输移动容器镜像的组件

安装 `kubectl`

官方安装文档: https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/

下载: curl -LO "https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/$(curl -s https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl"
标记 kubectl文件为可执行：chmod +x ./kubectl
将文件放到 PATH 路径下：sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl
测试你所安装的版本是最新的：kubectl version --client

安装 minikube 或 kind

这里以 minikube 为例:

官方安装文档: https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/tasks/tools/install-minikube/

:warning: 需要强调的是:

看中文文档
:notebook: 说明：由于国内无法直接连接 k8s.gcr.io，推荐使用阿里云镜像仓库，在 minikube start 中添加--image-repository 参数。
示例: minikube start --vm-driver=<驱动名称> --image-repository=registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers

安装 helm v3

二进制CLI下载地址https://github.com/helm/helm/releases/latest

安装源文档: https://helm.sh/docs/intro/install/

$ curl -fsSL -o get_helm.sh https://raw.githubusercontent.com/helm/helm/master/scripts/get-helm-3
$ chmod 700 get_helm.sh
$ ./get_helm.sh

安装OpenShift 命令行 `oc`

直接下载二进制CLI安装: https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/oc/

安装OpenShift for Developer命令行`odo`

直接下载二进制CLI安装:https://mirror.openshift.com/pub/openshift-v4/clients/odo/latest/

安装 Tekton - K8S原生CI/CD工具

CLI工具叫做tkn, 官方文档: https://github.com/tektoncd/cli

安装:

# Get the tar.xz
curl -LO https://github.com/tektoncd/cli/releases/download/v0.12.0/tkn_0.12.0_Darwin_x86_64.tar.gz
# Extract tkn to your PATH (e.g. /usr/local/bin)
sudo tar xvzf tkn_0.12.0_Darwin_x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/bin tkn