一、集群规划及架构

官方文档：

二进制下载地址

环境规划：

• pod网段：10.244.0.0/16
• service网段：10.10.0.0/16
• 注意： pod和service网段不可冲突，如果冲突会导致K8S集群安装失败。
• 容器运行时本次使用containerd。

主机名	IP地址	操作系统
master-1	16.32.15.200	CentOS7.8
node-1	16.32.15.201	CentOS7.8
node-2	16.32.15.202	CentOS7.8

二、系统初始化准备(所有节点同步操作)

1、关闭防火墙

systemctl disable firewalld --now
setenforce 0
sed  -i -r 's/SELINUX=[ep].*/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config

2、配置域名解析

cat  >> /etc/hosts << EOF
16.32.15.200 master-1
16.32.15.201 node-1
16.32.15.202 node-2
EOF

在指定主机上面修改主机名

hostnamectl set-hostname master-1 && bash
hostnamectl set-hostname node-1 && bash
hostnamectl set-hostname node-2 && bash

3、配置服务器时间保持一致

yum -y install ntpdate
ntpdate ntp1.aliyun.com

添加定时同步 每天凌晨1点自动同步时间

echo "0 1 * * * ntpdate ntp1.aliyun.com" >> /var/spool/cron/root
crontab -l

4、禁用swap交换分区（kubernetes强制要求禁用）

swapoff --all

禁止开机自启动swap交换分区

sed -i -r '/swap/ s/^/#/' /etc/fstab

5、修改Linux内核参数，添加网桥过滤器和地址转发功能

cat >> /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf <<EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
EOF

sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf

加载网桥过滤器模块

modprobe br_netfilter
lsmod | grep br_netfilter # 验证是否生效

6、配置ipvs功能

在kubernetes中Service有两种代理模型，一种是基于iptables的，一种是基于ipvs，两者对比ipvs的性能要高，如果想要使用ipvs模型，需要手动载入ipvs模块

yum -y install ipset ipvsadm

cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <<EOF
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4  
EOF

chmod +x /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules 
# 执行脚本
/etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules

# 验证ipvs模块
lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

7、安装Docker容器组件

注意：Docker用来下载镜像、Dockerfile构建镜像等操作，和Containerd不冲突。

curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
yum makecache

# yum-utils软件用于提供yum-config-manager程序
yum install -y yum-utils

# 使用yum-config-manager创建docker阿里存储库
yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

yum install docker-ce-20.10.6 docker-ce-cli-20.10.6 -y

Docker配置加速源：

mkdir /etc/docker
cat <<EOF > /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://aoewjvel.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF

# 启动docker并设置开机自启
systemctl enable docker --now
systemctl status docker

8、重启服务器 可略过

reboot

三、安装并配置Containerd容器运行时

三台服务器同时操作

1、安装containerd

yum -y install containerd.io-1.6.6

2、生成containerd配置文件,并修改配置文件

mkdir -p /etc/containerd
containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml

修改配置文件，主要修改以下配置：

vim /etc/containerd/config.toml

SystemdCgroup = true
sandbox_image = "registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.7"

3、启动containerd

systemctl enable containerd  --now

4、添加 crictl 工具的配置文件

crictl 是一个命令行工具，用于与 CRI（Container Runtime Interface）兼容的容器运行时进行交互。在 Kubernetes 中，Kubelet 使用 CRI 接口与容器运行时进行通信，而 crictl 工具则可以用于直接与容器运行时进行交互。

cat > /etc/crictl.yaml <<EOF
runtime-endpoint: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
image-endpoint: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
timeout: 10
debug: false
EOF

• runtime-endpoint：指定容器运行时的地址
• image-endpoint：指定镜像仓库的地址,即containerd所使用的镜像仓库的地址。

5、配置containerd镜像加速器

指定加速器目录信息：

vim /etc/containerd/config.toml

config_path = "/etc/containerd/certs.d"

配置加速信息：

mkdir /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io/ -p
vim /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io/hosts.toml

[host."https://vh3bm52y.mirror.aliyuncs.com",host."https://registry.docker-cn.com"]
  capabilities = ["pull"]

重启containerd

systemctl restart containerd

四、安装kubeadm(所有节点同步操作)

1、配置国内yum源，一键安装 kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl

cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
EOF

yum install -y kubelet-1.26.0 kubeadm-1.26.0 kubectl-1.26.0

2、kubeadm将使用kubelet服务以容器方式部署kubernetes的主要服务，所以需要先启动kubelet服务

systemctl enable kubelet.service --now

五、初始化集群

在master-1主机上进行操作

1、配置容器运行时

crictl config runtime-endpoint unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock

2、生成初始化默认配置文件

kubeadm config print init-defaults > kubeadm.yaml

我们根据自己需求进行修改默认配置文件，我主要更改了一下配置如下：

• advertiseAddress：更改为master的IP地址
• criSocket：指定容器运行时
• imageRepository：配置国内加速源地址
• podSubnet：pod网段地址
• serviceSubnet：services网段地址
• 末尾添加了指定使用ipvs，开启systemd
• nodeRegistration.name：改为当前主机名称

最终初始化配置文件如下：

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
bootstrapTokens:
- groups:
  - system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
  token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
  ttl: 24h0m0s
  usages:
  - signing
  - authentication
kind: InitConfiguration
localAPIEndpoint:
  advertiseAddress: 16.32.15.200
  bindPort: 6443
nodeRegistration:
  criSocket: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock
  imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  name: master-1
  taints: null
---
apiServer:
  timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
clusterName: kubernetes
controllerManager: {}
dns: {}
etcd:
  local:
    dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
imageRepository: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: 1.26.0
networking:
  dnsDomain: cluster.local
  podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16
  serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12
scheduler: {}
---
apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind: KubeProxyConfiguration
mode: ipvs
---
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: KubeletConfiguration
cgroupDriver: systemd

3、进行初始化

kubeadm init --config=kubeadm.yaml --ignore-preflight-errors=SystemVerification

初始化成功后输出如下内容：

[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.26.0
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local node] and IPs [10.96.0.1 16.32.15.200]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost node] and IPs [16.32.15.200 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost node] and IPs [16.32.15.200 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 12.003782 seconds
[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node node as control-plane by adding the labels: [node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers]
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node node as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to get nodes
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[kubelet-finalize] Updating "/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf" to point to a rotatable kubelet client certificate and key
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:

  export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join 16.32.15.200:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \
	--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:02dc7cc7702f9814d01f9a4d5957da3053e74adcc2f583415e516a4b81fb37bc

4、配置kubectl的配置文件config，相当于对kubectl进行授权，这样kubectl命令可以使用这个证书对k8s集群进行管理

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

验证使用可以使用 kubectl 命令

kubectl get nodes

5、查看镜像

ctr -n k8s.io images list

• -n 指明名称空间

六、Node节点添加到集群

在两台node节点进行操

1、赋值初始化输出的token信息，在两台node节点执行

kubeadm join 16.32.15.200:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \
	--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6839bcc102c7ab089554871dd1a8f3d4261e1482ff13eafdf32fc092ebaf9f7e

如果忘记可以使用以下命令查看token，此命令含义是查看已经创建的token：

kubeadm token create --print-join-command

成功加入到集群如下图：

2、给两台node节点打上标签

master-1主机上执行

kubectl label nodes node-1 node-role.kubernetes.io/work=work
kubectl label nodes node-2 node-role.kubernetes.io/work=work

七、安装网络组件Calico

Calico在线文档地址：

Calico.yaml下载地址：

1、上传calico.yaml文件到服务器中，下面提供calico.yaml文件内容：

在master主机执行

kubectl apply -f  calico.yaml

2、查看集群状态 && 查看自带Pod状态

kubectl get nodes

3、查看组件状态 是否为 Running状态 如下图：

kubectl get pods -n kube-system

八、测试CoreDNS解析可用性

1、下载busybox:1.28镜像

ctr -n k8s.io images pull docker.io/library/busybox:1.28

2、测试coredns

kubectl run busybox --image busybox:1.28 --restart=Never --rm -it busybox -- sh

If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.

/ # nslookup kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
Server:    10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.96.0.1 kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local

• 注意：busybox要用指定的1.28版本，不能用最新版本，最新版本，nslookup会解析不到dns和ip

九、拓展

1、ctr和crictl命令具体区别

ctr和crictl都是用于管理容器运行时的命令行工具，但它们的具体区别如下：

• ctr是由Docker开发的，而crictl是由Kubernetes开发的。

• ctr支持多种容器运行时，包括Docker、containerd、CRI-O等，而crictl只支持CRI（Container Runtime Interface）兼容的容器运行时，如CRI-O、containerd等。

• ctr提供了更多的功能，如镜像管理、网络管理、卷管理等，而crictl只提供了基本的容器管理功能，如容器创建、删除、启动、停止等。

• ctr的命令更加直观和易用，而crictl的命令更加符合Kubernetes的设计理念和规范。

综上所述，ctr和crictl都是优秀的容器管理工具，选择哪一个取决于具体的使用场景和需求。