准备

开通端口

master需要开通的端口:
TCP: 6443 2379 2380 10250 10259 10257 ,10250 30000~30010(应用)

node需要开通的端口:
TCP: 10250 30000~30010(应用)

master加端口
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=6443/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=2379/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=2380/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10250/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10259/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10257/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30000/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30001/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30002/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30003/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30004/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30005/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30006/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30007/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30008/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30009/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30010/tcp


Node 加端口
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=10250/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30000/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30001/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30002/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30003/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30004/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30005/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30006/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30007/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30008/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30009/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=30010/tcp

主机名解析

vim /etc/hosts
添加如下内容：

172.16.251.151 LTWWAPP01 
172.16.251.152 LTWWAPP02 
172.16.251.153 LTWWAPP03 
172.16.251.154 LTWWAPP04 
172.16.251.155 LTWWAPP05 
172.16.251.156 LTWWAPP06

时间同步

K8s要求集群服务中的节点时间必须精确一致

安装: yum -y install chrony
开启网络时间同步：systemctl start chronyd
设置开机自启动：systemctl enable chronyd

禁用swap分区

vim /etc/fstab 注释掉swap那行
在这里插入图片描述

修改内核参数

##加载br_netfilter模块 
$ modprobe br_netfilter 
#验证模块是否加载成功 
$ lsmod | grep br_netfilter 
##修改内核参数 
$ cat > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf << EOF net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 vm.swappiness = 0 EOF
sysctl --system

安装运行containerd

下载解压二进制包

$ wget https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.6.8/cri-containerd-1.6.8-linux-amd64.tar.gz 
#如果下载不下来,第一步去掉直接下载好传到服务器上
$ tar zxvf cri-containerd-1.6.8-linux-amd64.tar.gz

解压后的目录:
etc目录：主要为containerd服务管理配置文件及cni虚拟网卡配置文件；
opt目录：主要为gce环境中使用containerd配置文件及cni插件；
usr目录：主要为containerd运行时的二进制文件，包含runc

拷贝二进制可执行文件到$PATH中

$ cp usr/local/bin/* /usr/local/bin/

创建初始配置文件

$ mkdir -p /etc/containerd/
$ containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml    #创建默认的配置文件

修改初始配置文件

替换镜像源

由于国内环境原因我们需要将 sandbox_image 镜像源设置为阿里云的google_containers镜像源。

$ sed -i "s#k8s.gcr.io/pause#registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause#g"  /etc/containerd/config.toml
#等同于：
$ vim /etc/containerd/config.toml
  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri"]
  sandbox_image = "registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.6"

配置镜像加速（在文件的中下位置，也可以不配，好像不影响）

$ vim /etc/containerd/config.toml
  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors]
    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."docker.io"]
      endpoint = ["https://cekcu3pt.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]

配置驱动器 (可以不配)

Containerd 和 Kubernetes 默认使用旧版驱动程序来管理 cgroups，但建议在基于 systemd 的主机上使用该驱动程序，以符合 cgroup 的“单编写器”规则。

$ sed -i 's#SystemdCgroup = false#SystemdCgroup = true#g' /etc/containerd/config.toml
#等同于
$ vim /etc/containerd/config.toml
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options]
  SystemdCgroup = true

创建服务管理配置文件

拷贝服务管理配置文件到/usr/lib/systemd/system/目录

$ grep -v ^# etc/systemd/system/containerd.service
$ mv etc/systemd/system/containerd.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service

启动 containerd 服务

$ systemctl daemon-reload
$ systemctl enable --now containerd.service
$ systemctl status containerd.service
$ containerd  --version    #查看版本
#可以查看到版本

安装Runc

Runc是真正运行容器的工具

下载安装

$ wget https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.1.3/runc.amd64
# 下载不成功就本地下载上传到服务器
$ chmod +x runc.amd64
$ mv runc.amd64 /usr/bin/runc
#提示是否重写,yes
$ runc -version 
#正常输出就没问题

配置crictl客户端

替换所有docker的命令 , 如 crictl ps

$ mv etc/crictl.yaml  /etc/
$ cat  /etc/crictl.yaml 
image-endpoint: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock

安装kubeadm、kubectl、kubelet

添加 yum 源

cat > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo << EOF
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

添加网易源

否则有些包下载不下来

wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo

安装

yum install -y readline-devel readline
yum install -y kubelet-1.26.2 kubeadm-1.26.2 kubectl-1.24.4
systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl start kubelet && systemctl status kubelet

Kubeadm: kubeadm是一个工具，用来初始化k8s集群的
kubelet: 安装在集群所有节点上，用于启动Pod的
kubectl: 通过kubectl可以部署和管理应用，查看各种资源，创建、删除和更新各种组件

设置Table键补全

让命令可用自动table键进行补全，对新手无法记住命令提供很好的支持，所在主机进行该操作方可使用table补全

#Kubectl命令补全：
$ kubectl completion  bash >  /etc/bash_completion.d/kubelet
#Kubeadm命令补全：
$ kubeadm  completion  bash >  /etc/bash_completion.d/kubeadm

初始化master节点（master only ,以上的步骤也是）

检测安装环境

#检测主机环境是否达到集群的要求，可根据结果提示进行逐一排除故障
$ kubeadm init --dry-run

创建配置文件

创建默认的配置文件

$ kubeadm config print init-defaults > kubeadm-init.yaml

修改默认配置文件

改动的点已标出

$ vim kubeadm-init.yaml
#改成如下 , 
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
bootstrapTokens:
- groups:
  - system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
  token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
  ttl: 24h0m0s
  usages:
  - signing
  - authentication
kind: InitConfiguration
localAPIEndpoint:
  advertiseAddress: 172.16.251.151  (改)
  bindPort: 6443
nodeRegistration:
  criSocket: /run/containerd/containerd.sock (改)
  imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  name: ltwwapp01  (改)
  taints: null
---
apiServer:
  timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
clusterName: kubernetes
controllerManager: {}
dns: {}
etcd:
  local:
    dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
imageRepository: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers (改)
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: 1.26.0
networking:
  dnsDomain: cluster.local
  podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16
  serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12
scheduler: {}

初始化

$ modprobe br_netfilter (可能不必要)
$ kubeadm init --config kubeadm-init.yaml

环境配置

根据初始化成功后的提示对集群进行基础的配置。

$ mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
$ sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
$ sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
# export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf 不用这条,这是临时的重启会失效
# >https://blog.csdn.net/qq_26711103/article/details/126518479

加入集群(node only)

上面init成功后会给出join命令,如:

kubeadm join 172.16.251.151:6443 --token oybtw9.i25hjwufosdn7cef --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:5daecb79990c7acf1bbd0aae780dfe5cf57d3a5edba06fa10cd419369e8b0c2f

安装Flannel (master only)

否则nodes会一直是notReady的状态

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
#同样的如果下载不了就本地下载, 完了传上去,或者:
cat > kube-flannel.yml <<EOF
文件内容
EOF
#然后
kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml

等待一会,nodes就是ready了

验证集群

使用whoami来验证集群,他可以返回请求是被哪个容器处理的,而且
一来可以通过浏览器访问
在这里插入图片描述
二来可以curl 命令行里访问

方式一 (不好)

# 文件whoami.yaml 这个镜像是用的8000端口对外提供服务
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: whoami-deployment
  labels:
    app: whoami
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: whoami
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: whoami
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: whoami
        image: jwilder/whoami
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8000

部署whoami

kubectl apply -f whoami.yaml

#whoamiservice.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: whoami-service
spec:
  type: NodePort
  selector:
    app: whoami
  ports:
    # 默认情况下，为了方便起见，`targetPort` 被设置为与 `port` 字段相同的值。
    - port: 8000
      targetPort: 8000
      # 可选字段
      # 默认情况下，为了方便起见，Kubernetes 控制平面会从某个范围内分配一个端口号（默认：30000-32767）
      nodePort: 30007

配置whoami的服务

kubectl apply -f whoamiservice.yaml

效果就是开头的curl和浏览器访问 30007端口. 这时候只是能访问. 是必须指定某个node的ip的,然而集群的特性就是node的随时扩容缩容.这个方法是不好的

https://kubernetes.io/zh-cn/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/

不能说不好, 是负载均衡之前的状态. 外部套上一层负载均衡或者叫路由转发就ok了

方法二(不需要):

NodePort虽然能够实现外部访问Pod的需求，但需要指定node的ip, 且占用了各个物理主机上的端口

https://www.likecs.com/show-205306520.html
https://kubernetes.io/zh-cn/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/

安装ingress-nginx (不需要)

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v1.7.0/deploy/static/provider/cloud/deploy.yaml

https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx/deploy/

上面的两部为什么不需要,因为正式环境是有域名配置域名解析的,不需要自己再配一套.只需要把nodeport提供出来就可以

部署使用dashboard

dashboard.yaml 全文

# Copyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
    - port: 443
      targetPort: 8443
      nodePort: 30001   (改)
  selector:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-csrf
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque
data:
  csrf: ""

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque

---

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-settings
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
rules:
  # Allow Dashboard to get, update and delete Dashboard exclusive secrets.
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["secrets"]
    resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder", "kubernetes-dashboard-certs", "kubernetes-dashboard-csrf"]
    verbs: ["get", "update", "delete"]
    # Allow Dashboard to get and update 'kubernetes-dashboard-settings' config map.
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["configmaps"]
    resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-settings"]
    verbs: ["get", "update"]
    # Allow Dashboard to get metrics.
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["services"]
    resourceNames: ["heapster", "dashboard-metrics-scraper"]
    verbs: ["proxy"]
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["services/proxy"]
    resourceNames: ["heapster", "http:heapster:", "https:heapster:", "dashboard-metrics-scraper", "http:dashboard-metrics-scraper"]
    verbs: ["get"]

---

kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
rules:
  # Allow Metrics Scraper to get metrics from the Metrics server
  - apiGroups: ["metrics.k8s.io"]
    resources: ["pods", "nodes"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]

---

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: Role
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: kubernetes-dashboard
    namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: kubernetes-dashboard
    namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  replicas: 1
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
    spec:
      nodeName: ltwwapp01 (改)
      securityContext:
        seccompProfile:
          type: RuntimeDefault
      containers:
        - name: kubernetes-dashboard
          image: kubernetesui/dashboard:v2.7.0
          imagePullPolicy: Always
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8443
              protocol: TCP
          args:
            - --auto-generate-certificates
            - --namespace=kubernetes-dashboard
            # Uncomment the following line to manually specify Kubernetes API server Host
            # If not specified, Dashboard will attempt to auto discover the API server and connect
            # to it. Uncomment only if the default does not work.
            # - --apiserver-host=http://my-address:port
          volumeMounts:
            - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
              mountPath: /certs
              # Create on-disk volume to store exec logs
            - mountPath: /tmp
              name: tmp-volume
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              scheme: HTTPS
              path: /
              port: 8443
            initialDelaySeconds: 30
            timeoutSeconds: 30
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
            runAsUser: 1001
            runAsGroup: 2001
      volumes:
        - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
          secret:
            secretName: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
        - name: tmp-volume
          emptyDir: {}
      serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard
      nodeSelector:
        "kubernetes.io/os": linux
      # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master
      tolerations:
        - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
          effect: NoSchedule

---

kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 8000
      targetPort: 8000
  selector:
    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper

---

kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  replicas: 1
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
    spec:
      nodeName:  ltwwapp01  (改)
      securityContext:
        seccompProfile:
          type: RuntimeDefault
      containers:
        - name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
          image: kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.8
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8000
              protocol: TCP
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              scheme: HTTP
              path: /
              port: 8000
            initialDelaySeconds: 30
            timeoutSeconds: 30
          volumeMounts:
          - mountPath: /tmp
            name: tmp-volume
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
            runAsUser: 1001
            runAsGroup: 2001
      serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard
      nodeSelector:
        "kubernetes.io/os": linux
      # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master
      tolerations:
        - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
          effect: NoSchedule
      volumes:
        - name: tmp-volume
          emptyDir: {}

然后执行

kubectl apply -f dashboard.yaml

访问

https://your_ip:30001 (注意不要直接访问your_ip:30001)

提示输入token
生成token

kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard create token kubernetes-dashboard

kubectl create clusterrolebinding kubernetes-dashboard-cluster-admin --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=kubernetes-dashboard:kubernetes-dashboard
>https://blog.csdn.net/qq_41619571/article/details/127217339

常用命令

查看服务的详细信息:
kubectl describe service whoami-service
删除一个服务
kubectl delete service whoami-deployment
某个namespace
kubectl get pods -n kube-system

kubectl get all -n ingress-nginx

kubectl delete namespace jenkins

参考

https://www.cnblogs.com/ergwang/p/17205117.html
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_35644307/article/details/126120772
https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_46476452/article/details/127670046
https://blog.csdn.net/github_35735591/article/details/125533342