1 主动语态和被动语态
在初中英语中,语态是动词的一种形式,用于说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系,主要有主动语态和被动语态两种。
1.1 主动语态
- 定义:表示主语是动作的执行者。
- 结构:主语 + 谓语(及物动词)+ 宾语 + 其他。
- 例如:I play football every day.(我每天踢足球。)
- 其中,“I” 是主语,“play” 是谓语动词,“football” 是宾语,“every day” 是时间状语。
1.2 被动语态
- 定义:表示主语是动作的承受者。
- 结构:
- be + 及物动词的过去分词。
- 不同时态的被动语态结构有所不同,
- 初中常见时态的被动语态(6种,不用太过区分,be+动词分词即可):
- 一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are + 过去分词。
- 例如:The book is written by him.(这本书是他写的。)
- 一般过去时的被动语态:was/were + 过去分词。
- 例如:The window was broken by Tom yesterday.(窗户昨天被汤姆打破了。)
- 一般将来时的被动语态:will be + 过去分词。
- 例如:A new school will be built in our town next year.(明年我们镇将建一所新学校。)
- 现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are being + 过去分词。
- 例如:The room is being cleaned by my mother now.(我妈妈现在正在打扫房间。)
- 现在完成时的被动语态:have/has been + 过去分词。
- 例如:The work has been finished by them.(这项工作已经被他们完成了。)
- 一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are + 过去分词。
2 被动语态的用法
- 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时。
- 例如:This kind of bike is made in China.(这种自行车是中国制造的。)
- 强调动作的承受者,而不是执行者时。
- 例如:The book was borrowed by Mary.(这本书被玛丽借走了。)
3 主动语态变被动语态的方法
- 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
- 把主动语态的谓语动词变成 “be + 过去分词” 的形式,be 的时态要与原句时态一致。
- 把主动语态的主语放在 “by + 宾语” 的结构中,放在句末。如果不需要说明动作的执行者,“by + 宾语” 结构可以省略。
- 例如:They clean the classroom every day.(主动语态)
- →The classroom is cleaned by them every day.(被动语态)
- 一般现在时
- 主动语态:We clean the classroom every day.(我们每天打扫教室。)
- 被动语态:The classroom is cleaned by us every day.(教室每天被我们打扫。)
- 一般过去时
- 主动语态:He bought a new bike yesterday.(他昨天买了一辆新自行车。)
- 被动语态:A new bike was bought by him yesterday.(一辆新自行车昨天被他买了。)
- 一般将来时
- 主动语态:They will finish the work tomorrow.(他们明天将完成这项工作。)
- 被动语态:The work will be finished by them tomorrow.(这项工作明天将被他们完成。)
- 现在进行时
- 主动语态:She is reading a book now.(她现在正在读一本书。)
- 被动语态:A book is being read by her now.(一本书现在正被她读着。)
- 过去进行时
- 主动语态:He was repairing the car at this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在修车。)
- 被动语态:The car was being repaired by him at this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候车正在被他修理。)
- 现在完成时
- 主动语态:We have planted many trees in the park.(我们在公园里种了很多树。)
- 被动语态:Many trees have been planted by us in the park.(公园里已经被我们种了很多树。)
- 过去完成时
- 主动语态:He had finished his homework before 9 o'clock last night.(他昨晚 9 点前就完成了作业。)
- 被动语态:His homework had been finished by him before 9 o'clock last night.(他的作业在昨晚 9 点前就被他完成了。)
- 例如:They clean the classroom every day.(主动语态)