JVM常用概念之对象初始化的成本

news2025/3/7 6:28:01

在JVM常用概念之新对象实例化博客中我讲到了对象的实例化，主要包含分配（TLAB）、系统初始化、用户初始化，而我在JVM常用概念之线程本地分配缓冲区（ThreadLocal Allocation Buffer，TLAB）博客中也讲到TLAB分配的效率是非常高的，而系统初始化和用户初始化是可以进行合并的，那最后就剩下将数据写入内存这部分的成本没有讨论过，那对于对象初始化而言，写入内存这部分的成本是怎么样的呢?我们接下来通过实例讨论一下。

实验

源码

import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.*;

@Warmup(iterations = 5, time = 1, timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS)
@Measurement(iterations = 5, time = 1, timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS)
@Fork(value = 3)
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
@State(Scope.Benchmark)
public class Case {
    @Param({"1", "10", "100", "1000", "10000", "100000"})
    int size;

    @Benchmark
    public byte[] java() {
        return new byte[size];
    }
}

Score

Benchmark                  (size)  Mode  Cnt       Score       Error   Units

# Time to allocate
CASE.java                         1  avgt   15      20.307 ±     4.532   ns/op
CASE.java                        10  avgt   15      26.657 ±     6.072   ns/op
CASE.java                       100  avgt   15     106.632 ±    34.742   ns/op
CASE.java                      1000  avgt   15     681.176 ±   124.980   ns/op
CASE.java                     10000  avgt   15    4576.433 ±   909.956   ns/op
CASE.java                    100000  avgt   15   44881.095 ± 13765.440   ns/op

# Allocation rate
CASE.java:·gc.alloc.rate          1  avgt   15    6228.153 ±  1059.385  MB/sec
CASE.java:·gc.alloc.rate         10  avgt   15    6335.809 ±   986.395  MB/sec
CASE.java:·gc.alloc.rate        100  avgt   15    6126.333 ±  1354.964  MB/sec
CASE.java:·gc.alloc.rate       1000  avgt   15    7772.263 ±  1263.453  MB/sec
CASE.java:·gc.alloc.rate      10000  avgt   15   11518.422 ±  2155.516  MB/sec
CASE.java:·gc.alloc.rate     100000  avgt   15   12039.594 ±  2724.242  MB/sec

内存分配率直接由所运行机器的内存带宽/分配率决定。

热代码-汇编

              0x00007f1f094f650b: movq   $0x1,(%rdx)              ; store mark word
  0.00%       0x00007f1f094f6512: prefetchnta 0xc0(%r9)
  0.64%       0x00007f1f094f651a: movl   $0xf80000f5,0x8(%rdx)    ; store klass word
  0.02%       0x00007f1f094f6521: mov    %r11d,0xc(%rdx)          ; store array length
              0x00007f1f094f6525: prefetchnta 0x100(%r9)
  0.05%       0x00007f1f094f652d: prefetchnta 0x140(%r9)
  0.07%       0x00007f1f094f6535: prefetchnta 0x180(%r9)
  0.09%       0x00007f1f094f653d: shr    $0x3,%rcx
  0.00%       0x00007f1f094f6541: add    $0xfffffffffffffffe,%rcx
              0x00007f1f094f6545: xor    %rax,%rax
              0x00007f1f094f6548: cmp    $0x8,%rcx
        ╭     0x00007f1f094f654c: jg     0x00007f1f094f655e       ; large enough? jump
        │     0x00007f1f094f654e: dec    %rcx
        │╭    0x00007f1f094f6551: js     0x00007f1f094f6565       ; zero length? jump
        ││↗   0x00007f1f094f6553: mov    %rax,(%rdi,%rcx,8)       ; small loop init
        │││   0x00007f1f094f6557: dec    %rcx
        ││╰   0x00007f1f094f655a: jge    0x00007f1f094f6553
        ││ ╭  0x00007f1f094f655c: jmp    0x00007f1f094f6565
        ↘│ │  0x00007f1f094f655e: shl    $0x3,%rcx
 89.12%  │ │  0x00007f1f094f6562: rep rex.W stos %al,%es:(%rdi)   ; large loop init
  0.20%  ↘ ↘  0x00007f1f094f6565: mov    %r8,(%rsp)

可发现大初始化循环的内联的rep stos序列占用了大部分的时间成本。

思考

可以创建一个分配未初始化的对象吗?

实际应用场景下，创建一个分配未初始化的对象没有实际意义，而通过Unsafe可以创建分配未初始化的对象，Unsafe不遵循Java规范，有时候甚至违反JVM规范，可以通过jdk.internal.*使用它，但使用Unsafe可能导致JVM崩溃等未知的问题及风险，请谨慎使用！

源码

import jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe;
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.*;

@Warmup(iterations = 5, time = 1, timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS)
@Measurement(iterations = 5, time = 1, timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS)
@Fork(value = 3)
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
@State(Scope.Benchmark)
public class Case {
    static Unsafe U;

    static {
        try {
            Field field = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
            field.setAccessible(true);
            U = (Unsafe) field.get(null);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(e);
        }
    }

    @Param({"1", "10", "100", "1000", "10000", "100000"})
    int size;

    @Benchmark
    public byte[] unsafe() {
        return (byte[]) U.allocateUninitializedArray(byte.class, size);
    }
}

Score

Benchmark                  (size)  Mode  Cnt        Score       Error   Units
Case.unsafe                       1  avgt   15       19.766 ±     4.002   ns/op
Case.unsafe                      10  avgt   15       27.486 ±     7.005   ns/op
Case.unsafe                     100  avgt   15       80.040 ±    15.754   ns/op
Case.unsafe                    1000  avgt   15      156.041 ±     0.552   ns/op
Case.unsafe                   10000  avgt   15      162.384 ±     1.448   ns/op
Case.unsafe                  100000  avgt   15      309.769 ±     2.819   ns/op

Case.unsafe:·gc.alloc.rate        1  avgt   15     6359.987 ±   928.472  MB/sec
Case.unsafe:·gc.alloc.rate       10  avgt   15     6193.103 ±  1160.353  MB/sec
Case.unsafe:·gc.alloc.rate      100  avgt   15     7855.147 ±  1313.314  MB/sec
Case.unsafe:·gc.alloc.rate     1000  avgt   15    33171.384 ±   153.645  MB/sec
Case.unsafe:·gc.alloc.rate    10000  avgt   15   315740.299 ±  3678.459  MB/sec
Case.unsafe:·gc.alloc.rate   100000  avgt   15  1650860.763 ± 14498.920  MB/sec

热代码-汇编

          0x00007f65fd722c74: prefetchnta 0xc0(%r11)
 66.06%   0x00007f65fd722c7c: movq   $0x1,(%rax)           ; store mark word
  0.40%   0x00007f65fd722c83: prefetchnta 0x100(%r11)
  4.43%   0x00007f65fd722c8b: movl   $0xf80000f5,0x8(%rax) ; store class word
  0.01%   0x00007f65fd722c92: mov    %edx,0xc(%rax)        ; store array length
          0x00007f65fd722c95: prefetchnta 0x140(%r11)
  5.18%   0x00007f65fd722c9d: prefetchnta 0x180(%r11)
  4.99%   0x00007f65fd722ca5: mov    %r8,0x40(%rsp)
          0x00007f65fd722caa: mov    %rax,%rdx