基于Arduino Uno的简易可视化操作界面设计

news2025/2/22 3:54:29

        Arduino UNO是基于ATmega328P的Arduino开发板。它有14个数字输入/输出引脚（其中6个可用于PWM输出）、6个模拟输入引脚，一个16 MHz的晶体振荡器，一个USB接口，一个DC接口，一个ICSP接口，一个复位按钮。Arduino一词意味着该款开发板可以使用Arduino官方和第三方库文件，简化开发流程，可以让我们在不了解单片机底层原理下对其进行充分开发，因此Arduino获得了众多初级开发者的喜爱。

一、总体设计

        本次项目采用模块化编程的设计方式，因为在实际设计中，我们利用状态者模式隔离不同模式下的功能操作，如下：

        程序整体设计思路来自于状态者模式，对于初学者并不友好，使用C++语言设计，参考代码如下：

#include "State.h"

//状态1，继承重写doThing
void StateCase1::doThing(CurState *s){
  //静态变量作为开关，防止重复创建对象
  static int count = 0;
  //进行开关判断，创建过就不再创建
  if(count == 0){
    s->getOled()->setLogo(new ServoP(s->getOled()));
    count = 1;                  
  }
  //按下1按键，滑动到2状态
  if(m_command == 1){
    delete s->getCase(); //回收状态管理者的此时指针
    s->setCase(new StateCase2); //new 一个新的状态，设置进去这里为2
    count = 0; //开关打开，方便下次跳转到这时创建对象
  }
  //按下1按键，滑动到3状态
  else if(m_command == 2){
    delete s->getCase(); //回收状态管理者的此时BaseCase指针
    s->setCase(new StateCase3); //new 一个新的状态，设置进去这里为3
    count = 0; //开关打开，方便下次跳转到这时创建对象
  }
  //5键为确定，跳转到状态5
  else if(m_command == 5){
    delete s->getCase(); //回收状态管理者的此时BaseCase指针
    s->setCase(new StateCase4); //new 一个新的状态，设置进去这里为3
    count = 0; //开关打开，方便下次跳转到这时创建对象 
  }
}

void StateCase2::doThing(CurState *s){
  //静态变量作为开关，放置重复创建对象
  static int count = 0;
  //进行开关判断，创建过就不再创建
  if(count == 0){
    s->getOled()->setLogo(new MusicP(s->getOled()));
    count = 1;
  }
  //按下1按键，滑动到1状态
  else if(m_command == 2){
    delete s->getCase(); //回收状态管理者的此时BaseCase指针
    s->setCase(new StateCase1); //new 一个新的状态，设置进去这里为1
    count = 0; //开关打开，方便下次跳转到这时创建对象 
  }  
  else if(m_command == 5){
    delete s->getCase(); //回收状态管理者的此时BaseCase指针
    s->setCase(new StateCase5); //new 一个新的状态，设置进去这里为5
    count = 0; //开关打开，方便下次跳转到这时创建对象 
  }
}

//以下状态剩余类推
void StateCase3::doThing(CurState *s){
  static int count = 0;
  if(count == 0){
    s->getOled()->setLogo(new ClockP(s->getOled()));
    count = 1;
  }
  if(m_command == 1){
    delete s->getCase();
    s->setCase(new StateCase1);
    count = 0;
  }
  else if(m_command == 5){
    delete s->getCase();
    s->setCase(new StateCase7);
    count = 0;
  }
}

void StateCase4::doThing(CurState *s){
  static int count = 0;
  static int angle=0;
  if(count == 0){
    s->getOled()->setLogo(new Servo_fun(s->getOled()));
    count = 1;
  }
  s->getOled()->printW(48, 32, 2, angle);
  if(m_command == 3){
    delete s->getCase();
    s->setCase(new StateCase1);
    angle = 0;
    s->getServo()->write(0);
    count = 0;
  }
  else if(m_command == 1){
    angle += 30;
    if(angle>180){
      angle = 180;
    }
    s->getServo()->write(angle);
  }
  else if(m_command == 2){
    angle -= 30;
    if(angle < 0){
      angle = 0;
    }
    s->getServo()->write(angle);
  }  
}

void StateCase5::doThing(CurState *s){
  static int count = 0;
  static int pos = 16;
  s->getOled()->printW(100, pos, 2, "*");
  if(count == 0){
    s->getOled()->setLogo(new Playlist(s->getOled()));
    count = 1;
  }  
  if(m_command == 3){
    delete s->getCase();
    s->setCase(new StateCase2);
    count = 0;
  }
  else if(m_command == 1){
    pos -= 16;
    if(pos<16){
      pos = 16;
    }
  }
  else if(m_command == 2){
    pos += 16;
    if(pos>32){
      pos = 32;
    }
  }
  else if(m_command == 5 && pos==16){
    delete s->getCase();
    s->setCase(new StateCase6);
    count = 0;    
  }
}

void StateCase6::doThing(CurState *s){
  static int count = 0;
  if(count == 0){
    s->getOled()->setLogo(new Playing(s->getOled()));
    count = 1;
  }
  s->getBuzzer()->on();
  if(m_command == 3){
    delete s->getCase();
    s->setCase(new StateCase5);
    s->getBuzzer()->off();
    count = 0;        
  }
}

void StateCase7::doThing(CurState *s){
  static int count = 0;
  static int Time_ms = 0, Time_s = 0;
  static int time_flag = 0;
  if(time_flag ==1){
    delay(10);
    Time_ms++;
    if(Time_ms >= 100){
      Time_ms = 0;
      Time_s++;
    }
  }
  s->getOled()->printW(48, 32, 2, Time_s);
  s->getOled()->printW(80, 32, 2, Time_ms);
  if(count == 0){
    s->getOled()->setLogo(new ClockCount(s->getOled()));
    count = 1;
  }  
  if(m_command == 3){
    delete s->getCase();
    s->setCase(new StateCase3);
    Time_ms = 0;
    Time_s = 0;
    time_flag = 0;
    count = 0;        
  }
  if(m_command == 5){
    time_flag = 1;
  }
  if(m_command == 2){
    time_flag = 0;
  }
}

#pragma once
#include "UiLogo.h"
#include "MyOledH.h"
#include <Servo.h>
#include "Buzzer.h"
#include <Arduino.h>

//提前声明，方便下面BaseCase类的声明
class CurState;

//定义基类并设置虚函数，由于setCommand都一样，这个就不重写
class BaseCase{
public:
  //获取指令，来源于状态管理者的set方法，而状态管理者来指令源于按键
  virtual void setCommand(int command){
    m_command = command;
  }
  virtual void doThing(CurState *s) = 0;
protected:
  int m_command;
};

//状态管理者
class CurState{
public:
  //各种set和get方法
  void setOled(MyOled *oled){
    m_oled = oled;
  }

  void setCase(BaseCase *Case){
    m_case = Case;
  }

  MyOled *getOled(void){
    return m_oled;
  }

  BaseCase *getCase(void){
    return m_case;
  }

  void setCommand(int command){
    m_case->setCommand(command);
  }

  void setServo(Servo *servo){
    m_servo = servo;
  }

  Servo *getServo(void){
    return m_servo;
  }

  void setBuzzer(Buzzer *buzzer){
    m_buzzer = buzzer;
  }

  Buzzer *getBuzzer(void){
    return m_buzzer;
  }

  //doThing调用m_case的doThing并将自身指针传入
  void doThing(void){
    m_case->doThing(this);
  }
private:
  //各种指针，方便m_case通过get方法获取进行操作。
  BaseCase *m_case;
  MyOled *m_oled;
  Servo *m_servo;
  Buzzer *m_buzzer;
};

//以下是7种状态的声明
class StateCase1: public BaseCase{
public:
  void doThing(CurState *s); 
};

class StateCase2: public BaseCase{
public:
  void doThing(CurState *s); 
};


class StateCase3: public BaseCase{
public:
  void doThing(CurState *s); 
};

class StateCase4: public BaseCase{
public:
  void doThing(CurState *s); 
};

class StateCase5: public BaseCase{
public:
  void doThing(CurState *s); 
};

class StateCase6: public BaseCase{
public:
  void doThing(CurState *s); 
};

class StateCase7: public BaseCase{
public:
  void doThing(CurState *s); 
};

        本次设计所使用的图形化界面，通过取字模的方式得到，参考如下：

#pragma once
#include <Arduino.h>
#include "MyOledH.h"

//各个图标获取到的16进制字模
static const unsigned char PROGMEM music_pic[] = 
{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x07,0xFF,0xFF,0xFC,0x00,0x07,0xFF,0xFF,0xFC,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,
0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,
0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,
0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,
0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,
0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,
0x00,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x00,0xFC,0x00,0x00,0x7C,0x00,0xFC,0x00,0x00,0xFC,0x00,0xF8,0x00,0x00,0xFC,0x00,0x70,0x00,0x00,
0xF8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00};/*"未命名文件",0*/

static const unsigned char PROGMEM servo_pic[] = 
{0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7F,0xFF,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x40,0x00,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x46,0x00,0x62,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x49,0x00,0x92,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x49,0x00,0x92,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x46,0x00,0x62,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x7C,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x46,0xFE,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x43,0x81,0x82,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x42,0x3F,0xFF,0xFF,0xF8,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x44,0x7F,0xFF,0xFF,0xFC,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x49,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x49,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x48,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x44,0x7F,0xFF,0xFF,0xFC,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x42,0x3F,0xFF,0xFF,0xF8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x41,0x01,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0xFE,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x40,0x7C,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x00,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x46,0x00,0x62,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x49,0x00,0x92,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x49,0x00,0x92,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x46,0x00,0x62,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x40,0x00,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x5F,0xFF,0xFA,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x00,0x0A,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x50,0x00,0x0A,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x00,0x0A,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x00,0x0A,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x50,0x00,0x0A,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x00,0x0A,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x00,0x0A,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x50,0x00,0x0A,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x00,0x0A,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x50,0x00,0x0A,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x5F,0xFF,0xFA,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x24,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x24,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x40,0x24,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x24,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x3C,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x46,0x00,0x62,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x49,0x00,0x92,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x49,0x00,0x92,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x46,0x00,0x62,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x00,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7F,0xFF,0xFE,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00};/*"未命名文件",0*/


static const unsigned char PROGMEM clock_pic[] = 
{0x00,0x3F,0xFF,0xC0,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x00,0x20,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x00,0x10,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x08,0x00,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x04,
0x00,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x02,0x00,0x08,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x10,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x20,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x40,0x00,0x00,
0x00,0x20,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,
0x00,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0xF8,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0xFF,0xF8,0x10,0x80,0x00,0xFF,0xF8,0x10,0x80,
0x00,0xF8,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0x20,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0x20,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0x20,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0x20,0x00,0x10,
0x80,0x00,0x20,0x00,0x10,0x80,0x00,0x20,0x00,0x10,0x40,0x00,0x20,0x00,0x20,0x20,0x00,0x20,0x00,0x40,0x10,0x00,0x20,0x00,
0x80,0x08,0x00,0x20,0x01,0x00,0x04,0x00,0x20,0x02,0x00,0x02,0x00,0x20,0x04,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x08,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x00,
0x10,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x00,0x20,0x00,0x00,0x3F,0xFF,0xC0,0x00};/*"未命名文件",0*/

static const unsigned char PROGMEM cursor_u[] = 
{0x01,0x80,0x03,0xC0,0x07,0xE0,0x0F,0xF0,0x1F,0xF8,0x3F,0xFC,0x7F,0xFE,0xFF,0xFF,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,
0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0};/*"上箭头",0*/

static const unsigned char PROGMEM cursor_d[] = 
{0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0x07,0xE0,0xFF,0xFF,0x7F,0xFE,0x3F,0xFC,0x1F,0xF8,
0x0F,0xF0,0x07,0xE0,0x03,0xC0,0x01,0x80};/*"下箭头",0*/

//继承重写LogoPicture，形成很多子类，方便扩展，符合开放封闭原则

//音乐图标
class MusicP: public LogoPicture{
public:
  MusicP(MyOled *oled);
  ~MusicP(void);
  void showLogo(void);
private:
  MyOled *m_oled;
};

class ServoP: public LogoPicture{
public:
  ServoP(MyOled *oled);
  ~ServoP(void);
  void showLogo(void);
private:
  MyOled *m_oled;
};

//时钟图标
class ClockP: public LogoPicture{
public:
  ClockP(MyOled *oled);
  ~ClockP(void);
  void showLogo(void);
private:
  MyOled *m_oled;
};

//舵机图标
class Servo_fun: public LogoPicture{
public:
  Servo_fun(MyOled *oled);
  ~Servo_fun(void);
  void showLogo(void);
private:
  MyOled *m_oled;
};

//音乐播放界面
class Playlist: public LogoPicture{
public:
  Playlist(MyOled *oled);
  ~Playlist(void);
  void showLogo(void);
private:
  MyOled *m_oled;
};

//演奏中
class Playing: public LogoPicture{
public:
  Playing(MyOled *oled);
  ~Playing(void);
  void showLogo(void);
private:
  MyOled *m_oled;
};

//时钟计时界面
class ClockCount: public LogoPicture{
public:
  ClockCount(MyOled *oled);
  ~ClockCount(void);
  void showLogo(void);
private:
  MyOled *m_oled;
};

二、功能演示

        程序运行，我们可以看到图形化界面如下，可按上下进行功能切换：

      点击进入音乐界面，按上下按键可以调节舵机旋转角度，并且舵机跟着转动，如图：

        点击英语界面，选择第一个音乐，蜂鸣器鸣叫模拟音乐

        点击进入时钟界面，此时可以进行计时操作，如下：

三、设计总结

        本次设计使用Arduino IDE开发Arduino UNO，利用oled模块显示可视化界面，对应操作不同器件了，本次设计利用状态者模式进行设计，为程序的可扩展性提供了很大便利。

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