官网教程：https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/debian/

步骤

1. 解压 docker-deb.7z 安装包并上传Linux （资源在PC端文章顶部）

2. 安装 .deb 包

sudo dpkg -i ./containerd.io_<version>_<arch>.deb \
  ./docker-ce_<version>_<arch>.deb \
  ./docker-ce-cli_<version>_<arch>.deb \
  ./docker-buildx-plugin_<version>_<arch>.deb \
  ./docker-compose-plugin_<version>_<arch>.deb

3.验证

sudo service docker start
sudo docker run hello-world

结果如下

root@VM-16-5-debian:~/docker# docker run hello-world


Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
c1ec31eb5944: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:266b191e926f65542fa8daaec01a192c4d292bff79426f47300a046e1bc576fd
Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest

Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
 1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
 2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
    (amd64)
 3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
    executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
 4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
    to your terminal.

To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
 $ docker run -it ubuntu bash

Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
 https://hub.docker.com/

For more examples and ideas, visit:
 https://docs.docker.com/get-started/

如无法下载镜像，自行配置镜像源

vim /etc/docker/daemon.json

{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://<my-docker-mirror-host>"]
}