Web 3D 框架简介

news2024/11/20 14:38:18

前言

3D游戏引擎的历史可以追溯到20世纪80年代末和90年代初。当时，计算机技术迅速发展，人们开始对图形和游戏感兴趣。以下是3D游戏引擎的历史故事：

早期引擎的诞生（1980-1990年代）

在这个时期，一些早期的3D游戏引擎开始出现。其中一个著名的例子是id Software开发的Doom引擎，该引擎是第一个在主流市场上取得成功的3D游戏引擎。它采用了一种被称为"重建"的技术，可以在限制的硬件资源下实现3D效果。

商业化时代的到来（1990-2000年代）

随着3D游戏的普及，商业化的3D游戏引擎开始涌现。其中最著名的是id Software开发的Quake引擎，它是第一个具有实时3D渲染和支持网络游戏的引擎。Quake引擎的成功推动了更多的公司开始开发自己的3D游戏引擎，如Epic Games的Unreal Engine和Crytek的CryEngine。

开源引擎的崛起（2000年代后期）

在2000年代后期，一些开源的3D游戏引擎开始崛起。其中最著名的是Unity引擎，它提供了一个友好的界面和工具，使得游戏开发者可以轻松地创建和发布游戏。此外，还有一些其他开源引擎，如Ogre3D和Godot等，它们也受到了广泛的关注和采用。

HTML5和WebGL的兴起（2010年代）

随着HTML5和WebGL技术的发展，3D游戏引擎开始向Web领域扩展。这使得开发者可以在浏览器中创建和运行高质量的3D游戏，而无需额外的插件。一些主要的Web 3D游戏引擎，如Three.js和Babylon.js，开始出现，并得到了广泛的使用。

Web 3D 框架

Unity 3D ，团结引擎，基于 Unity 2022LTS。是 Unity 中国研发团队推出的 Unity 中国版引擎，专为中国开发者定制的实时3D引擎，它以 Unity 2022 LTS 为研发基础，推出了微信小游戏解决方案、团结引擎车机版，赋予小游戏和智能汽车领域的开发者，以更强劲的创作动能，是 Unity 中国加速本土化进程的里程碑。

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Three.js，基于WebGL，提供了一些简单易用的API，使用户能够轻松地创建和显示3D对象、场景、光照和相机。支持多种渲染效果，如纹理映射、阴影、反射等，可以在网页中实现逼真的3D效果。它还提供了一些辅助功能，例如加载模型和动画、进行交互和控制等。应用于游戏开发、虚拟现实、数据可视化等领域。具有强大的灵活性和可扩展性，用户可以通过自定义着色器和材质来实现更高级的效果，还可以通过添加插件和扩展来增加功能。它的文档齐全且有很多示例和教程可供参考，对于初学者和有经验的开发者来说都是一个很好的选择。

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PlayCanvas，基于Web的实时图形引擎，提供了一整套工具和功能，可视化场景设计器 workflow，能够直观地创建和编辑游戏内容。这个编辑器支持实时预览和调试功能，基于WebGL和WebVR，以实现高质量的实时渲染效果。开发者可以利用引擎内置的渲染器和材质系统来创建逼真的光照和阴影效果。集成了物理引擎，可以模拟真实世界中的物理效果，如重力、碰撞和刚体运动。

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babylon.js ，巴比伦 js，由微软开发和维护的基于WebGL技术 Web3D 的开源游戏引擎，用于创建高性能、交互式的3D图形应用程序。它提供了一个简单易用的API，可以实现各种效果，如渲染、动画、物理模拟、碰撞检测等。可以创建出丰富、互动性强的3D图形应用程序，如游戏、虚拟现实体验、可视化效果等。

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CopperCube ，可视化编辑器类型，使用户可以轻松地创建三维场景。它提供了多种内置工具和特性，包括场景编辑器、物理模拟、碰撞检测、动画编辑器等，使开发人员可以在不编写任何代码的情况下创建复杂的三维应用程序。可以使用JavaScript语言来自定义应用程序的行为和交互。它还支持导入和使用3D模型、贴图和音频文件，以及创建动画效果和粒子效果。

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​​​​​​A-frame ，用于构建虚拟现实（VR）和增强现实（AR）体验的Web开发框架。使用简单的HTML标签来创建三维图形和交互元素。它提供了一组易于使用的组件和实体，包括摄像机、光源、几何体、材质等，用于构建虚拟世界中的对象和场景。简单易用的API和强大的可扩展性。开发者可以使用JavaScript编写自定义组件，实现更复杂的交互行为和特效。同时，A-Frame也与其他Web技术无缝集成，可以与CSS、HTML、JavaScript和Web API进行交互。

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使用Babylon.js小试牛刀

Babylon.js inspector 检查器是一个可视化调试工具，旨在帮助您确定场景中可能存在的问题。
提供多种工具，如：
场景的层次视图
使用多个特性栅格可以动态更改对象特性
特定的辅助对象，如骨架查看器等
 

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				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/",
				filename: "Animation_Skin_03.gltf"
			},
			Animation_Skin_04: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/Animation_Skin_04.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/",
				filename: "Animation_Skin_04.gltf"
			},
			Animation_Skin_05: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/Animation_Skin_05.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/",
				filename: "Animation_Skin_05.gltf"
			},
			Animation_Skin_06: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/Animation_Skin_06.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/",
				filename: "Animation_Skin_06.gltf"
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			Animation_Skin_07: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/Animation_Skin_07.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/",
				filename: "Animation_Skin_07.gltf"
			},
			Animation_Skin_08: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/Animation_Skin_08.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/",
				filename: "Animation_Skin_08.gltf"
			},
			Animation_Skin_09: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/Animation_Skin_09.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/",
				filename: "Animation_Skin_09.gltf"
			},
			Animation_Skin_10: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/Animation_Skin_10.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/",
				filename: "Animation_Skin_10.gltf"
			},
			Animation_Skin_11: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/Animation_Skin_11.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_Skin/",
				filename: "Animation_Skin_11.gltf"
			},
			Animation_SkinType_00: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_SkinType/Animation_SkinType_00.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_SkinType/",
				filename: "Animation_SkinType_00.gltf"
			},
			Animation_SkinType_01: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_SkinType/Animation_SkinType_01.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_SkinType/",
				filename: "Animation_SkinType_01.gltf"
			},
			Animation_SkinType_02: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_SkinType/Animation_SkinType_02.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_SkinType/",
				filename: "Animation_SkinType_02.gltf"
			},
			Animation_SkinType_03: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_SkinType/Animation_SkinType_03.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Animation_SkinType/",
				filename: "Animation_SkinType_03.gltf"
			},
			Buffer_Interleaved_00: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Buffer_Interleaved/Buffer_Interleaved_00.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Buffer_Interleaved/",
				filename: "Buffer_Interleaved_00.gltf"
			},
			Buffer_Interleaved_01: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Buffer_Interleaved/Buffer_Interleaved_01.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Buffer_Interleaved/",
				filename: "Buffer_Interleaved_01.gltf"
			},
			Buffer_Interleaved_02: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Buffer_Interleaved/Buffer_Interleaved_02.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Buffer_Interleaved/",
				filename: "Buffer_Interleaved_02.gltf"
			},
			Buffer_Interleaved_03: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Buffer_Interleaved/Buffer_Interleaved_03.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Buffer_Interleaved/",
				filename: "Buffer_Interleaved_03.gltf"
			},
			Buffer_Interleaved_04: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Buffer_Interleaved/Buffer_Interleaved_04.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Buffer_Interleaved/",
				filename: "Buffer_Interleaved_04.gltf"
			},
			Compatibility_00: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Compatibility/Compatibility_00.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Compatibility/",
				filename: "Compatibility_00.gltf"
			},
			Compatibility_01: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Compatibility/Compatibility_01.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Compatibility/",
				filename: "Compatibility_01.gltf"
			},
			Compatibility_02: {
				path: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Compatibility/Compatibility_02.gltf",
				rootUrl: "https://assets.babylonjs.com/meshes/Tests/AssetGenerator/0.6/Compatibility/",
				filename: "Compatibility_02.gltf"
			},
			Co

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