自回归模型
- 自回归模型: 只与x 有关 ,对自己执行回归
- 隐变量自回归:与X 和过去观测总结h 都有关
案例
%matplotlib inline
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
T = 1000 # 总共产生1000个点
time = torch.arange(1, T + 1, dtype=torch.float32)
x = torch.sin(0.01 * time) + torch.normal(0, 0.2, (T,))
d2l.plot(time, [x], 'time', 'x', xlim=[1, 1000], figsize=(6, 3))
我们将这个序列转换为模型的特征-标签(feature-label)对
tau = 4
features = torch.zeros((T - tau, tau))
for i in range(tau):
features[:, i] = x[i: T - tau + i]
labels = x[tau:].reshape((-1, 1))
batch_size, n_train = 16, 600
# 只有前n_train个样本用于训练
train_iter = d2l.load_array((features[:n_train], labels[:n_train]),
batch_size, is_train=True)
# 初始化网络权重的函数
def init_weights(m):
if type(m) == nn.Linear:
nn.init.xavier_uniform_(m.weight)
# 一个简单的多层感知机
def get_net():
net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(4, 10),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(10, 1))
net.apply(init_weights)
return net
# 平方损失。注意:MSELoss计算平方误差时不带系数1/2
loss = nn.MSELoss(reduction='none')
def train(net, train_iter, loss, epochs, lr):
trainer = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr)
for epoch in range(epochs):
for X, y in train_iter:
trainer.zero_grad()
l = loss(net(X), y)
l.sum().backward()
trainer.step()
print(f'epoch {epoch + 1}, '
f'loss: {d2l.evaluate_loss(net, train_iter, loss):f}')
net = get_net()
train(net, train_iter, loss, 5, 0.01)
预测:
onestep_preds = net(features)
d2l.plot([time, time[tau:]],
[x.detach().numpy(), onestep_preds.detach().numpy()], 'time',
'x', legend=['data', '1-step preds'], xlim=[1, 1000],
figsize=(6, 3))