简介
Nginx的三大区块
在Nginx中主要配置包括三个区块，结构如下：
http { #协议级别
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
server { #服务器级别
listen 80;
server_name wang.mingqu.com;
charset utf-8;
location / { #请求级别
root /www/html/web/;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
}
什么是location？
location是配置在Server模块中的请求级别配置。
location可以根据不同的URI使用不同的配置来处理不同的请求。
location是有顺序的，会根据不同请求配置的优先级来匹配的location处理。
应用
基本语法
server {
......
location [=|~|~*|^~|@] pattern {
......
}
}
前缀匹配
符号的解释
| 符号 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| = | 表示精确匹配，优先级最高 |
| ^~ | 表示URI以某个常规字符串开头的匹配，匹配URL的路径 |
| ~ | 表示区分大小写的正则匹配 |
| ~* | 表示不区分大小写的正则匹配 |
| !~ | 表示区分大小写且不匹配的正则 |
| !~* | 表示不区分大小写且不匹配的正则 |
| / | 通用匹配符，匹配任意请求 |
| @ | 内部服务跳转 |
符号的优先级
注意：有多个location配置的情况下，依照优先级匹配；当匹配成功后，停止匹配。
应用举例
主配置文件
路径：/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log notice;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#gzip on;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}
无修饰符
- Nginx配置
路径：/etc/nginx/conf.d/wangmingqu.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name wang.mingqu.com;
charset utf-8;
location /web01/ {
root /www/wangmingqu/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
- 数据准备
mkdir /www/wangmingqu/html/web01 -p
echo "无修饰符" > /www/wangmingqu/html/web01/index.html
- 启动验证
nginx -t
systemctl restart nginx
=匹配
- Nginx配置
路径：/etc/nginx/conf.d/wangmingqu.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name wang.mingqu.com;
charset utf-8;
location / {
root /www/wangmingqu/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
location = / {
root /www/wangmingqu/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
- 数据准备
mkdir /www/wangmingqu/html/{web01,web} -p
echo "无修饰符" > /www/wangmingqu/html/web01/index.html
echo "精确匹配" > /www/wangmingqu/html/web/index.html
- 启动验证
nginx -t
systemctl restart nginx
^~匹配
- Nginx配置
路径：/etc/nginx/conf.d/wangmingqu.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name wang.mingqu.com;
charset utf-8;
location ^~ /yewu/ {
root /www/wangmingqu/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
- 数据准备
mkdir -p /www/wangmingqu/html/yewu
echo "以yewu开头的匹配" > /www/wangmingqu/html/yewu/index.html
- 启动验证
nginx -t
systemctl restart nginx
~匹配
- Nginx配置
路径：/etc/nginx/conf.d/wangmingqu.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name wang.mingqu.com;
charset utf-8;
location ~* \.jpeg$ { #区分大小写匹配的所有以.jpeg结尾的文件
root /www/wangmingqu/html/images/;
}
}
- 数据准备
mkdir -p /www/wangmingqu/html/images/
#上传.png和.PNG结尾的图片
ll /www/wangmingqu/html/images/
total 1360
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1166629 Mar 4 14:22 lower.jpeg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 222061 Mar 4 14:22 upper.JPEG
- 启动验证
nginx -t
systemctl restart nginx
后缀大写
后缀小写
~*匹配
- Nginx配置
路径：/etc/nginx/conf.d/wangmingqu.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name wang.mingqu.com;
charset utf-8;
location ~ \.jpeg$ { #不区分大小写匹配的所有以.jpeg结尾的文件
root /www/wangmingqu/html/images/;
}
}
- 数据准备
mkdir -p /www/wangmingqu/html/images/
#上传.png和.PNG结尾的图片
ll /www/wangmingqu/html/images/
total 1360
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1166629 Mar 4 14:22 lower.jpeg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 222061 Mar 4 14:22 upper.JPEG
- 启动验证
nginx -t
systemctl restart nginx
后缀大写
后缀小写
/匹配
- Nginx配置
路径：/etc/nginx/conf.d/wangmingqu.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name wang.mingqu.com;
charset utf-8;
location / {
root /www/wangmingqu/html/;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
- 数据准备
mkdir -p /www/wangmingqu/html/
echo "通用匹配符" > /www/wangmingqu/html/index.html
- 启动验证
nginx -t
systemctl restart nginx
@匹配
@符号，用于定义一个location块，且该location块不能被外部client访问，只能被Nginx内部配置的指令访问，如try_files、error_page。
- try_files举例：
server {
listen 80;
server_name wang.mingqu.com;
charset utf-8;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
try_files $uri $uri/ @router;
}
location @router{
rewrite ^(.+)$ /index.html last;
}
}
- error_page举例：
server {
listen 80;
server_name wang.mingqu.com;
charset urf-8;
location / {
error_page 418 = @queryone;
error_page 419 = @querytwo;
error_page 420 = @querythree;
if ( $args ~ "service=one" ) { return 418; }
if ( $args ~ "service=two" ) { return 419; }
}
location @queryone {
return 200 'do stuff for one';
}
location @querytwo {
return 200 'do stuff for two';
}
}
