简介

quinn是Rust编程语言中用于实现QUIC（Quick UDP Internet Connections）协议的一个crate（包）。它提供了一个高级别的API，用于构建基于QUIC的网络应用程序。quinn crate的设计目标是提供一个简洁、安全和高性能的QUIC实现。它内部使用了Rust的异步编程模型（async/await），使得编写异步网络代码更加方便和高效。
本文主要介绍其发送数据的流程

QUIC协议中的概念

endpoint（端点）

在QUIC（Quick UDP Internet Connections）协议中，Endpoint（端点）是指QUIC连接的一端，可以是客户端或服务器。每个端点都有自己的网络地址，并与其他端点进行通信以建立和管理QUIC连接。在quinn中，endpoint对应一个操作系统的socket。例如client的Endpoint创建时就是bind了一个本地的地址。

    pub fn client(addr: SocketAddr) -> io::Result<Self> {
        let socket = std::net::UdpSocket::bind(addr)?;
        let runtime = default_runtime()
            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "no async runtime found"))?;
        Self::new_with_runtime(
            EndpointConfig::default(),
            None,
            runtime.wrap_udp_socket(socket)?,
            runtime,
        )
    }

connection（连接）

两个endpoint之间可以建立connection，并且一个endpoint可以向多个endpoint建立连接。

注意与TCP不同的是，QUIC的一个socket可以同时向多个其他socket建立连接。而TCP中每一个连接都对应client和server端的两个socket。

Stream（流）

一条连接可以同时存在多条流，每条流上的数据相互独立，一条流发生阻塞不会影响其他流。（TCP相当于只有一条流，所以会有对头阻塞的缺陷。）

client的流ID为奇数，server的流ID为偶数

Frame (帧)

流是抽象出的概念，而实际上在链路上传输的只是不同的帧，不同流的帧中会有流ID用于标识此帧属于哪条流，接收端收到后根据流ID将对应的帧放入对应的流缓冲区。

发包过程解析

以官方的client Example为例。其关键步骤如下述伪代码所示，主要包括：创建endpoint、创建连接、创建流、最后写入数据。

 //创建endpoint
 let mut endpoint = quinn::Endpoint::client("[::]:0".parse().unwrap())?; 
    ...
    //创建连接
    let conn = endpoint
        .connect(remote, host)?
        .await
        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to connect: {}", e))?;
    //创建流
    let (mut send, mut recv) = conn
        .open_bi()
        .await
        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to open stream: {}", e))?;

	//写数据
    send.write_all(request.as_bytes())
        .await
        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to send request: {}", e))?;

SendStream::write_all

首先我们以流写入数据为切入点来看。
write_all接口实际上是产生了一个WriteAll的Future，数据会暂时放在WriteAll结构体里。当Runtime(默认为Tokio的运行时)下一次poll此Future时才会将数据写入到该流的缓冲区中。

impl<'a> Future for WriteAll<'a> {
    type Output = Result<(), WriteError>;
    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
        let this = self.get_mut();
        loop {
            if this.buf.is_empty() {
                return Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
            }
            let buf = this.buf;
            #将数据写入缓冲区
            let n = ready!(this.stream.execute_poll(cx, |s| s.write(buf)))?;
            this.buf = &this.buf[n..];
        }
    }
}

注意向流的缓冲区写数据时，是经过了流控逻辑的：当可写空间为0时，写操作会被block。可写空间一般由send_window-unacked_data，send_window和unacked_data都是连接级的，所有流都受此限制。send_window是开始时设置的，此值决定整个连接的发送缓冲区的峰值大小。当应用连接数较多时应该谨慎设置此值，避免因内存占用过多而引起OOM。

    /// Returns the maximum amount of data this is allowed to be written on the connection
    pub(crate) fn write_limit(&self) -> u64 {
        (self.max_data - self.data_sent).min(self.send_window - self.unacked_data)
    }

写入的数据最终又被暂时放在SendBuffer的unacked_segments里。

impl SendBuffer {
    /// Append application data to the end of the stream
    pub(super) fn write(&mut self, data: Bytes) {
        self.unacked_len += data.len();
        self.offset += data.len() as u64;
        self.unacked_segments.push_back(data);
    }
}

到这里，write_all这个操作就算是结束了。那么放入缓冲区的数据又是如何进一步被发送的呢？

ConnectionDriver

我们把视线回到 endpoint.connect(remote, host)?.await，在连接建立时，产生了一个ConnectionDriver的Future，此ConnectionDriver一产生就被丢进runtime中去持续地执行了。

        runtime.spawn(Box::pin(
            ConnectionDriver(conn.clone()).instrument(Span::current()),
        ));

而这个ConnectionDriver在被poll时最终会调用Connection::poll_transmit–>Connection::populate_packet获取将要发送的帧

    fn populate_packet(
        &mut self,
        now: Instant,
        space_id: SpaceId,
        buf: &mut BytesMut,
        max_size: usize,
        pn: u64,
    ) -> SentFrames {
        let mut sent = SentFrames::default();

		...
		...

        // STREAM
        if space_id == SpaceId::Data {
            sent.stream_frames = self.streams.write_stream_frames(buf, max_size);
            self.stats.frame_tx.stream += sent.stream_frames.len() as u64;
        }

        sent
    }

StreamsState::write_stream_frames方法中从优先级队列中取出优先级最高的流并将其数据写入buf，如果流的数据都已发送完毕则将此流从优先级队列中取出。

pub(crate) fn write_stream_frames(
        &mut self,
        buf: &mut BytesMut,
        max_buf_size: usize,
    ) -> StreamMetaVec {
        let mut stream_frames = StreamMetaVec::new();
        while buf.len() + frame::Stream::SIZE_BOUND < max_buf_size {
            if max_buf_size
                .checked_sub(buf.len() + frame::Stream::SIZE_BOUND)
                .is_none()
            {
                break;
            }
			//不同优先级的数量
            let num_levels = self.pending.len();
            //获取优先级最高的队列
            let mut level = match self.pending.peek_mut() {
                Some(x) => x,
                None => break,
            };
            // Poppping data from the front of the queue, storing as much data
            // as possible in a single frame, and enqueing sending further
            // remaining data at the end of the queue helps with fairness.
            // Other streams will have a chance to write data before we touch
            // this stream again.
            //从队列中拿到第一个流
            let id = match level.queue.get_mut().pop_front() {
                Some(x) => x,
                None => {
                    debug_assert!(
                        num_levels == 1,
                        "An empty queue is only allowed for a single level"
                    );
                    break;
                }
            };
            //拿到具体的流
            let stream = match self.send.get_mut(&id) {
                Some(s) => s,
                // Stream was reset with pending data and the reset was acknowledged
                None => continue,
            };

            // Reset streams aren't removed from the pending list and still exist while the peer
            // hasn't acknowledged the reset, but should not generate STREAM frames, so we need to
            // check for them explicitly.
            if stream.is_reset() {
                continue;
            }

            // Now that we know the `StreamId`, we can better account for how many bytes
            // are required to encode it.
            let max_buf_size = max_buf_size - buf.len() - 1 - VarInt::size(id.into());
            //从流中获取到本次要写的偏移量
            let (offsets, encode_length) = stream.pending.poll_transmit(max_buf_size);
            //如果流中的数据都已经发送完，则将此流从pending队列中移除
            let fin = offsets.end == stream.pending.offset()
                && matches!(stream.state, SendState::DataSent { .. });
            if fin {
                stream.fin_pending = false;
            }

            if stream.is_pending() {
                if level.priority == stream.priority {
                    // Enqueue for the same level
                    level.queue.get_mut().push_back(id);
                } else {
                    // Enqueue for a different level. If the current level is empty, drop it
                    if level.queue.borrow().is_empty() && num_levels != 1 {
                        // We keep the last level around even in empty form so that
                        // the next insert doesn't have to reallocate the queue
                        PeekMut::pop(level);
                    } else {
                        drop(level);
                    }
                    push_pending(&mut self.pending, id, stream.priority);
                }
            } else if level.queue.borrow().is_empty() && num_levels != 1 {
                // We keep the last level around even in empty form so that
                // the next insert doesn't have to reallocate the queue
                PeekMut::pop(level);
            }

            let meta = frame::StreamMeta { id, offsets, fin };
            trace!(id = %meta.id, off = meta.offsets.start, len = meta.offsets.end - meta.offsets.start, fin = meta.fin, "STREAM");
            //写入帧的头部
            meta.encode(encode_length, buf);

            // The range might not be retrievable in a single `get` if it is
            // stored in noncontiguous fashion. Therefore this loop iterates
            // until the range is fully copied into the frame.
            let mut offsets = meta.offsets.clone();
            while offsets.start != offsets.end {
                let data = stream.pending.get(offsets.clone());
                offsets.start += data.len() as u64;
                //写入具体数据
                buf.put_slice(data);
            }
            stream_frames.push(meta);
        }

        stream_frames
    }

到了这里，要发送的数据实际上还是暂存在缓冲区了。然后又以EndpointEvent::Transmit事件的方式通过channel发送到endpoint的协程里。

fn drive_transmit(&mut self) -> bool {
        let now = Instant::now();
        let mut transmits = 0;

        let max_datagrams = self.socket.max_transmit_segments();
        let capacity = self.inner.current_mtu();
        let mut buffer = BytesMut::with_capacity(capacity as usize);

        while let Some(t) = self.inner.poll_transmit(now, max_datagrams, &mut buffer) {
            transmits += match t.segment_size {
                None => 1,
                Some(s) => (t.size + s - 1) / s, // round up
            };
            // If the endpoint driver is gone, noop.
            let size = t.size;
            //将要发送的数据发送到endpoint协程
            let _ = self.endpoint_events.send((
                self.handle,
                EndpointEvent::Transmit(t, buffer.split_to(size).freeze()),
            ));

            if transmits >= MAX_TRANSMIT_DATAGRAMS {
                // TODO: What isn't ideal here yet is that if we don't poll all
                // datagrams that could be sent we don't go into the `app_limited`
                // state and CWND continues to grow until we get here the next time.
                // See https://github.com/quinn-rs/quinn/issues/1126
                return true;
            }
        }

        false
    }

ConnectionDriver的任务到这里就完成了，总的来说ConnectionDriver的任务就是从流中取出数据，并最终将数据通过channel发送给endpoint

EndpointDriver

与connection的逻辑类似，endpoints建立时就已经spawn了一个EndpointDriver在后台一直poll，正是在poll方法中会处理来自ConnectionDriver发来的events，并写入outgoing缓冲区中。

    fn handle_events(&mut self, cx: &mut Context, shared: &Shared) -> bool {
        use EndpointEvent::*;
        for _ in 0..IO_LOOP_BOUND {
            match self.events.poll_recv(cx) {
                Poll::Ready(Some((ch, event))) => match event {
                    ...
                    ...
                    //接受从ConnectionDriver发过来的Transmit，并写入到outgoing缓冲区中
                    Transmit(t, buf) => {
                        let contents_len = buf.len();
                        self.outgoing.push_back(udp_transmit(t, buf));
                        self.transmit_queue_contents_len = self
                            .transmit_queue_contents_len
                            .saturating_add(contents_len);
                    }
                },
                Poll::Ready(None) => unreachable!("EndpointInner owns one sender"),
                Poll::Pending => {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        true
    }

在drive_send中从outgoing缓冲区中取出数据并写入socket

 fn drive_send(&mut self, cx: &mut Context) -> Result<bool, io::Error> {
        self.send_limiter.start_cycle();

        let result = loop {
            if self.outgoing.is_empty() {
                break Ok(false);
            }

            if !self.send_limiter.allow_work() {
                break Ok(true);
            }
			//实际写入
            match self.socket.poll_send(cx, self.outgoing.as_slices().0) {
                Poll::Ready(Ok(n)) => {
                    let contents_len: usize =
                        self.outgoing.drain(..n).map(|t| t.contents.len()).sum();
                    self.transmit_queue_contents_len = self
                        .transmit_queue_contents_len
                        .saturating_sub(contents_len);
                    // We count transmits instead of `poll_send` calls since the cost
                    // of a `sendmmsg` still linearly increases with number of packets.
                    self.send_limiter.record_work(n);
                }
                Poll::Pending => {
                    break Ok(false);
                }
                Poll::Ready(Err(e)) => {
                    break Err(e);
                }
            }
        };

        self.send_limiter.finish_cycle();
        result
    }

至此，整个发送过程就算完了。写入socket的数据由具体的操作系统底层去实现了。