说到英文Paper的写作，我们就不得不提到reference，中文称之为引用。在国外，合理正确的利用reference非常重要，国外对于知识产权的保护很严格，对于抄袭行为也是不能容忍的。学术表现差或是学术不诚实问题是造成学生被开除的主要原因,因此,抄袭不仅会影响自己的成绩,还会有被开除的可能。我相信虽然大家不会故意地去抄袭,但在你面对多篇Paper的任务下,写的头昏脑涨的时候,很容易忘了引用,或者不知道怎么引用,也很容易会中招的。国外大学是如何判定抄袭?什么属于抄袭?如何避免抄袭?

 

　　When it comes to the writing of English Paper,we have to mention reference,which is called quotation in Chinese.In foreign countries,it is very important to make rational and correct use of reference.The protection of intellectual property rights in foreign countries is very strict,and plagiarism is intolerable.Poor academic performance or academic dishonesty is the main reason for students to be expelled.Therefore,plagiarism will not only affect their grades,but also may lead to dismissal.I believe that although people will not intentionally plagiarize,it is easy for you to forget to quote,or do not know how to quote,when you are dizzy with the task of writing multiple papers.How do foreign universities determine plagiarism?What is plagiarism?How to avoid plagiarism?

　　在国外,主要用Turnitin系统来检测抄袭,它会将学生上传的作业与后台数据库里的Paper作比对,得出一个相似度比例,和标明学生的那句话是来源于哪篇Paper。

　　In foreign countries,the Turnitin system is mainly used to detect plagiarism.It will compare the homework uploaded by students with the paper in the background database to obtain a similarity ratio and indicate which paper the student's sentence comes from.

　　国外大学一般会容许10%-30%的相似度,而有不少中国学生在写Paper时,会引用大量中文材料或文献,而Turnitin系统不一定可以找出来,。相对而言，相似度是越低越好。

　　Foreign universities generally allow 10%-30%similarity,while many Chinese students cite a large number of Chinese materials or literature when writing Paper,which may not be found in the Turnitin system,.Relatively speaking,the lower the similarity,the better.

　　每个学校的study guidance里面,都会解释抄袭的定义,以及告诉你如何避免这个问题。

　　Each school's study guidance will explain the definition of plagiarism and tell you how to avoid this problem.

　　以University of Oxford为例,Plagiarism的定义是:Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own,with or without their consent,by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement.All published and unpublished material,whether in manu,printed or electronic form,is covered under this definition.

　　怎么样会导致抄袭?举例来说:

　　How can it lead to plagiarism?For example:

　　如果你使用了他人Paper的句子,但没有注明出处以及正确使用引号,可能会导致抄袭;

　　If you use someone else's paper sentence,but do not indicate the source and use quotation marks correctly,it may lead to plagiarism;

　　如果你总结了他人Paper的观点,而没有注明出处,也会导致抄袭;

　　If you summarize other people's paper views without specifying the source,it will also lead to plagiarism;

　　如果你大量使用他人的观点,而没有注明出处,也会导致抄袭;

　　If you use the views of others in a large amount without specifying the source,it will also lead to plagiarism;

　　如果窃取了其他学生的ideas,而没有注明出处或获得他人的同意,也会导致抄袭;

　　If you steal other students'ideas without specifying the source or obtaining others'consent,it will also lead to plagiarism;

　　等等…

　　Wait

　　如何避免抄袭?根据个人的经验,总结四点重要的TIPS:

　　How to avoid plagiarism?Based on personal experience,four important TIPS are summarized:

　　Making notes

　　当阅读他人的文献时,学会记笔记,并注明作者和出版年份,以便在写Paper的时候快速寻找,也不会忘记要引用。

　　When reading other people's literature,learn to take notes,and indicate the author and the year of publication,so that you can quickly look for when writing paper,and do not forget to quote.

　　Wikipedia is not a reliable source

　　对于严谨的学术Paper来说,要慎用维基百科,更别说百度百科等这类网页,引用的来源必须是可靠,专业的学术文献。

　　For the rigorous academic paper,we should be careful to use Wikipedia,let alone Baidu Encyclopedia and other such websites.The sources of references must be reliable and professional academic literature.

　　Paraphrasing carefully

　　其实,在写Paper的时候并不需要你要写出最新的观点,或是提出别人都没有说过的观点,而是要学会critical thinking,学会转述他人的观点,通过自己的理解和整理,最后用自己的语言和表达方式写出来。

　　In fact,when writing Paper,you do not need to write the latest ideas,or put forward ideas that others have not said,but learn critical thinking,learn to tell others'views,and finally write them in your own language and expression through your own understanding and sorting.

　　Use of Quotations and Cite all sources used

　　注意使用引号,正确使用文中引用和文献清单。另外,根据不同的学科,也会有不同的引用格式,例如,社会科学,传媒,法律就会有不同的style,如APA,OSCOLA,Harvard等等。

　　Pay attention to the use of quotation marks,and correctly use the citations and literature lists in the text.In addition,according to different disciplines,there will be different reference formats.For example,social science,media,and law will have different styles,such as APA,OSCOLA,Harvard,and so on.

　　以Harvard system为例:

　　使用引号:

　　Examples(Harvard system)

　　The author writes"…plants and localities are also often inter-related with non-local actors"(Eriksson 2009,29).

　　"Place specific phenomena can always be seen in relation to other places and geographical levels"(Helgesson 2006,13).

　　or directly

　　Helgesson(2006,13)states:"Place specific phenomena can always be seen in relation to other places and geographical levels."

　　文中引用:

　　Source with one author

　　The structure of the European Union is often described in the shape of three pillars(Tallberg 2004,65).

　　You can also reference directly.

　　Tallberg(2004,65)describes the structure of the European Union in the shape of three pillars.

　　文后参考文献:

　　Books with one Author

　　Include(if available):author’s last name and first name;title;edition(if not 1st);place of publication and publisher,year of publication.

　　Example

　　Bryman,Alan.Social research methods.3rd ed.Oxford:Oxford university press,2008.

　　Use Wtire-N-Cite or Endnote

　　学会使用文献管理类软件,Wtire-N-Cite或是Endnote的软件（推荐阅读这篇：EndNote写英文Paper Reference使用方法,学霸都在用!）来帮助自己整理文献和正确引用,这两个都是比较常用的,当你打开word文档完成Paper写作的时候,你就会发现,你需要它们来帮助你完成Bibliography和Reference。软件从哪里可以找,我建议你可以搜索学校网站,或是问问学校图书馆的工作人员,他们应该可以解答你的问题。

　　Learn to use document management software,Wtire-N-Site or Endnote software(recommended reading:EndNote writes how to use English PaperReference,and Xueba is using it!)They are commonly used to help you sort out literature and correctly quote.When you open a word document and write a paper,you will find that you need them to help you complete Bibliography and Reference.Where can I find the software?I suggest you search the school website or ask the staff of the school library.They should be able to answer your questions.