一.cmake在vs中的使用简介

CMake 是一种跨平台开源工具，用于定义在多个平台上运行的生成过程。

Visual Studio C 和 C++ 开发不再仅适用于 Windows。 本教程介绍如何在 Windows 和 Linux 上使用 Visual Studio C++ 进行跨平台开发。 由于它基于 CMake，无需创建或生成 Visual Studio 项目。 打开包含 CMakeLists.txt 文件的文件夹时，Visual Studio 会自动配置 IntelliSense 并生成设置。 可以快速开始在 Windows 上本地编辑、生成和调试代码。 然后，切换配置，在 Linux 上执行相同的操作，所有这些操作都从 Visual Studio 中进行。

针对常见的开源项目，遵循以下步骤，可以快速在本地IDE VS中生成可以调试的项目代码

• 从 GitHub 克隆一个开源 CMake 项目（或者下载到本地的项目源代码）
• 在 Visual Studio 中打开项目（打开包含 CMakeLists.txt 文件的文件夹）
• 在 Windows 上生成和调试可执行目标
• 添加与 Linux 计算机的连接
• 在 Linux 上生成和调试相同的目标

二.一个在vs下cmake配置的项目包含的文件

1.CMakeLists.txt

  包含在项目源码根目录的CMakeLists.txt与包含在单个项目文件夹中的CMakeLists.txt

2.CMakeSettings.json

vs对cmake的配置，可以方便的修改里面的属性字段达到预想的vs项目配置

三.在CMakeSettings.json中配置实现cmake多配置构建设置

单配置构建输出效果：

只有一个debug，无法切换

多配置构建输出效果：

同时包含Debug，MinSizeRel，Release，RelWithDebinfo四种支持的构建方式

"configurationType": "Debug;Release;RelWithDebInfo;MinSizeRel",

在configurationType字段设置四种支持的构建方式

如下编译kicad时的一个案例CMakeSettings.json

{
  "environments": [
    {
      "BuildDir": "${workspaceRoot}\\build",
      "InstallDir": "${workspaceRoot}\\build\\install"
    },
    {
      "environment": "vcpkg",
      "VcPkgDir": "E:/vs2022/Projects/vcpkg"
    },
    {
      "environment": "mingw_64",
      "MINGW64_ROOT": "D:/msys64/mingw64",
      "BIN_ROOT": "${env.MINGW64_ROOT}/bin",
      "FLAVOR": "x86_64-w64-mingw32",
      "TOOLSET_VERSION": "10.2.0",
      "PATH": "${env.MINGW64_ROOT}/bin;${env.MINGW64_ROOT}/../usr/local/bin;${env.MINGW64_ROOT}/../usr/bin;${env.MINGW64_ROOT}/../bin;${env.PATH}",
      "INCLUDE": "${env.INCLUDE};${env.MINGW64_ROOT}/include/c++/${env.TOOLSET_VERSION};${env.MINGW64_ROOT}/include/c++/${env.TOOLSET_VERSION}/tr1;${env.MINGW64_ROOT}/include/c++/${env.TOOLSET_VERSION}/${env.FLAVOR}"
    }
  ],
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "x86-Debug",
      "generator": "Ninja",
      "configurationType": "Debug",
      "inheritEnvironments": [ "msvc_x86", "vcpkg" ],
      "buildRoot": "${env.BuildDir}\\${name}",
      "installRoot": "${env.InstallDir}\\${name}",
      "addressSanitizerEnabled": false,
      "cmakeCommandArgs": "",
      "buildCommandArgs": "-v",
      "ctestCommandArgs": "",
      "variables": [
        {
          "name": "KICAD_BUILD_QA_TESTS",
          "value": "False",
          "type": "BOOL"
        },
        {
          "name": "KICAD_WIN32_DPI_AWARE",
          "value": "ON",
          "type": "BOOL"
        }
      ],
      "cmakeToolchain": "${env.VcPkgDir}/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake"
    },
    {
      "name": "x86-Release",
      "generator": "Ninja",
      "configurationType": "RelWithDebInfo",
      "inheritEnvironments": [ "msvc_x86", "vcpkg" ],
      "buildRoot": "${env.BuildDir}\\${name}",
      "installRoot": "${env.InstallDir}\\${name}",
      "cmakeCommandArgs": "",
      "buildCommandArgs": "-v",
      "ctestCommandArgs": "",
      "variables": [
        {
          "name": "KICAD_BUILD_QA_TESTS",
          "value": "False",
          "type": "BOOL"
        },
        {
          "name": "KICAD_WIN32_DPI_AWARE",
          "value": "ON",
          "type": "BOOL"
        }
      ],
      "cmakeToolchain": "${env.VcPkgDir}/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake"
    },
    {
      "name": "x64-Debug",
      "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022 Win64",
      "configurationType": "Debug;Release;RelWithDebInfo;MinSizeRel",
      "inheritEnvironments": [ "msvc_x64_x64", "vcpkg" ],
      "buildRoot": "${env.BuildDir}\\${name}",
      "installRoot": "${env.InstallDir}\\${name}",
      "cmakeCommandArgs": "-DSWIG_EXECUTABLE=E:/vs2022/Projects/vcpkg/swigwin-4.1.1/swig.exe",
      "buildCommandArgs": "-V",
      "ctestCommandArgs": "",
      "variables": [
        {
          "name": "KICAD_BUILD_QA_TESTS",
          "value": "False",
          "type": "BOOL"
        },
        {
          "name": "KICAD_WIN32_DPI_AWARE",
          "value": "ON",
          "type": "BOOL"
        }
      ],
      "cmakeToolchain": "${env.VcPkgDir}/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake"
    },
    {
      "name": "x64-Release",
      "generator": "Visual Studio 17 2022 Win64",
      "configurationType": "RelWithDebInfo",
      "inheritEnvironments": [ "msvc_x64_x64", "vcpkg" ],
      "buildRoot": "${env.BuildDir}\\${name}",
      "installRoot": "${env.InstallDir}\\${name}",
      "cmakeCommandArgs": "-DSWIG_EXECUTABLE=E:/vs2022/Projects/vcpkg/swigwin-4.1.1/swig.exe",
      "buildCommandArgs": "-V",
      "ctestCommandArgs": "",
      "variables": [
        {
          "name": "KICAD_BUILD_QA_TESTS",
          "value": "False",
          "type": "BOOL"
        },
        {
          "name": "KICAD_WIN32_DPI_AWARE",
          "value": "ON",
          "type": "BOOL"
        }
      ],
      "cmakeToolchain": "${env.VcPkgDir}/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake"
    },
    {
      "name": "MSYS2-x64-Debug",
      "generator": "Ninja",
      "configurationType": "Debug",
      "inheritEnvironments": [ "mingw_64" ],
      "buildRoot": "${env.BuildDir}\\${name}",
      "installRoot": "${env.InstallDir}\\${name}",
      "cmakeCommandArgs": "",
      "buildCommandArgs": "-v",
      "ctestCommandArgs": "",
      "intelliSenseMode": "linux-gcc-x64",
      "cmakeToolchain": "",
      "variables": [
        {
          "name": "CMAKE_C_COMPILER",
          "value": "${env.BIN_ROOT}/gcc.exe"
        },
        {
          "name": "CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER",
          "value": "${env.BIN_ROOT}/g++.exe"
        },
        {
          "name": "KICAD_BUILD_QA_TESTS",
          "value": "False",
          "type": "BOOL"
        },
        {
          "name": "KICAD_WIN32_DPI_AWARE",
          "value": "ON",
          "type": "BOOL"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

参考资料：1.Visual Studio 中的 CMake 项目 | Microsoft Learn