什么是 Helm

每个成功的软件平台都有一个优秀的打包系统，比如Debian、Ubuntu 的 apt，RedHat、CentOS 的 yum。Helm 则是 Kubernetes上的包管理器，方便我们更好的管理应用。

在没使用 helm 之前，向 kubernetes 部署应用，我们要依次部署 deployment、svc 等，步骤较繁琐。况且随着很多项目微服务化，复杂的应用在容器中部署以及管理显得较为复杂，helm 通过打包的方式，支持发布的版本管理和控制，很大程度上简化了 Kubernetes 应用的部署和管理。

Helm本质就是让K8s的应用管理（Deployment、Service等）可配置，可以通过类似于传递环境变量的方式能动态生成。通过动态生成K8s资源清单文件（deployment.yaml、service.yaml）。然后调用 Kubectl 自动执行 K8s 资源部署。

Helm 是官方提供的类似于 YUM 的包管理器，是部署环境的流程封装。

Helm 有三个重要的概念

●Chart：Helm 的软件包，采用 TAR 格式。是创建一个应用的信息集合，包括各种 Kubernetes 对象的配置模板、参数定义、依赖关系、文档说明等。chart 是应用部署的自包含逻辑单元。可以将 chart 想象成 apt、yum 中的软件安装包。

●Release：是 chart 的运行实例，代表了一个正在运行的应用。当 chart 被安装到 Kubernetes 集群，就生成一个 release。chart 能够多次安装到同一个集群，每次安装都是一个 release。

●Repository（仓库）：Charts 仓库，用于集中存储和分发 Charts。Repository 本质上是一个 Web 服务器，该服务器保存了一系列的 Chart 软件包以供用户下载，并且提供了一个该 Repository 的 Chart 包的清单文件以供查询。Helm 可以同时管理多个不同的 Repository。

总结：Helm 安装 charts 到 Kubernetes 集群中，每次安装都会创建一个新的 release。你可以在 Helm 的 chart repositories 中寻找新的 chart。

Helm3 与 Helm2 的区别

Helm2 是 C/S 架构，主要分为客户端 helm 和服务端 Tiller。在 Helm 2 中，Tiller 是作为一个 Deployment 部署在 kube-system 命名空间中，很多情况下，我们会为 Tiller 准备一个 ServiceAccount ，这个 ServiceAccount 通常拥有集群的所有权限。
用户可以使用本地 Helm 命令，自由地连接到 Tiller 中并通过 Tiller 创建、修改、删除任意命名空间下的任意资源。

在 Helm 3 中，Tiller 被移除了。新的 Helm 客户端会像 kubectl 命令一样，读取本地的 kubeconfig 文件，使用我们在 kubeconfig 中预先定义好的权限来进行一系列操作。

Helm 的官方网站 https://helm.sh/

Helm 部署

1、安装 helm

下载二进制 Helm client 安装包
https://github.com/helm/helm/tags

tar -zxvf helm-v3.6.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv linux-amd64/helm /usr/local/bin/helm
helm version

命令补全

source <(helm completion bash)

2、使用 helm 安装 Chart

添加常用的 chart 仓库

helm repo add bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami
helm repo add stable http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts
helm repo add aliyun https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts
helm repo add incubator https://charts.helm.sh/incubator

更新 charts 列表

helm repo update
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "aliyun" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "stable" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "bitnami" chart repository
...Successfully got an update from the "incubator" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈
          
helm repo list
NAME            URL
bitnami         https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami
stable          http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts
aliyun          https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts
incubator       https://charts.helm.sh/incubator

查看 stable 仓库可用的 charts 列表

helm search repo stable

删除 incubator 仓库

helm repo remove incubator
"incubator" has been removed from your repositories

查看 chart 信息

helm show chart bitnami/nginx    #查看指定 chart 的基本信息
annotations:
  category: Infrastructure
  images: |
    - name: git
      image: docker.io/bitnami/git:2.41.0-debian-11-r74
    - name: nginx-exporter
      image: docker.io/bitnami/nginx-exporter:0.11.0-debian-11-r322
    - name: nginx
      image: docker.io/bitnami/nginx:1.25.2-debian-11-r0
  licenses: Apache-2.0
apiVersion: v2
appVersion: 1.25.2
dependencies:
- name: common
  repository: oci://registry-1.docker.io/bitnamicharts
  tags:
  - bitnami-common
  version: 2.x.x
description: NGINX Open Source is a web server that can be also used as a reverse
  proxy, load balancer, and HTTP cache. Recommended for high-demanding sites due to
  its ability to provide faster content.
home: https://bitnami.com
icon: https://bitnami.com/assets/stacks/nginx/img/nginx-stack-220x234.png
keywords:
- nginx
- http
- web
- www
- reverse proxy
maintainers:
- name: VMware, Inc.
  url: https://github.com/bitnami/charts
name: nginx
sources:
- https://github.com/bitnami/charts/tree/main/bitnami/nginx
version: 15.1.4

helm show all bitnami/nginx        #获取指定 chart 的所有信息

安装 chart

helm install my-redis bitnami/redis [-n default]   #指定 release 的名字为 my-redis，-n 指定部署到 k8s 的 namespace
helm install bitnami/redis --generate-name         #不指定 release 的名字时，需使用 –generate-name 随机生成一个名字

查看所有 release

helm ls 
helm list

查看指定的 release 状态

helm status my-redis 
    NAME: my-redis
LAST DEPLOYED: Mon Aug 21 16:58:01 2023
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
CHART NAME: redis
CHART VERSION: 17.15.6
APP VERSION: 7.2.0

** Please be patient while the chart is being deployed **

Redis&reg; can be accessed on the following DNS names from within your cluster:

    my-redis-master.default.svc.cluster.local for read/write operations (port 6379)
    my-redis-replicas.default.svc.cluster.local for read-only operations (port 6379)



To get your password run:

    export REDIS_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace default my-redis -o jsonpath="{.data.redis-password}" | base64 -d)

To connect to your Redis&reg; server:

1. Run a Redis&reg; pod that you can use as a client:

   kubectl run --namespace default redis-client --restart='Never'  --env REDIS_PASSWORD=$REDIS_PASSWORD  --image docker.io/bitnami/redis:7.2.0-debian-11-r3 --command -- sleep infinity

   Use the following command to attach to the pod:

   kubectl exec --tty -i redis-client \
   --namespace default -- bash

2. Connect using the Redis&reg; CLI:
   REDISCLI_AUTH="$REDIS_PASSWORD" redis-cli -h my-redis-master
   REDISCLI_AUTH="$REDIS_PASSWORD" redis-cli -h my-redis-replicas

To connect to your database from outside the cluster execute the following commands:

    kubectl port-forward --namespace default svc/my-redis-master 6379:6379 &
    REDISCLI_AUTH="$REDIS_PASSWORD" redis-cli -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6379
[root@master01 ~]# helm list
NAME                    NAMESPACE       REVISION        UPDATED                                 STATUS          CHART           APP VERSION
my-redis                default         1               2023-08-21 16:58:01.401566444 +0800 CST deployed        redis-17.15.6   7.2.0
nginx-1692608048        default         1               2023-08-21 16:54:11.469723569 +0800 CST deployed        nginx-15.1.4    1.25.2
[root@master01 ~]# helm list
NAME                    NAMESPACE       REVISION        UPDATED
my-redis                default         1               2023-08-21 16:58:01.401566444 +0
nginx-1692608048        default         1               2023-08-21 16:54:11.469723569 +0
[root@master01 ~]# helm status my-redis
NAME: my-redis
LAST DEPLOYED: Mon Aug 21 16:58:01 2023
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
CHART NAME: redis
CHART VERSION: 17.15.6
APP VERSION: 7.2.0

** Please be patient while the chart is being deployed **

Redis&reg; can be accessed on the following DNS names from within your cluster:

    my-redis-master.default.svc.cluster.local for read/write operations (port 6379)
    my-redis-replicas.default.svc.cluster.local for read-only operations (port 6379)



To get your password run:

    export REDIS_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace default my-redis -o jsonpath="{.data.redis-password}" | base64 -d)

To connect to your Redis&reg; server:

1. Run a Redis&reg; pod that you can use as a client:

   kubectl run --namespace default redis-client --restart='Never'  --env REDIS_PASSWORD=$REDIS_PASSWORD  --image docker.io/bitnami/redis:7.2.0-debian-11-r3 --command -- sleep infinity

   Use the following command to attach to the pod:

   kubectl exec --tty -i redis-client \
   --namespace default -- bash

2. Connect using the Redis&reg; CLI:
   REDISCLI_AUTH="$REDIS_PASSWORD" redis-cli -h my-redis-master
   REDISCLI_AUTH="$REDIS_PASSWORD" redis-cli -h my-redis-replicas

To connect to your database from outside the cluster execute the following commands:

    kubectl port-forward --namespace default svc/my-redis-master 6379:6379 &
    REDISCLI_AUTH="$REDIS_PASSWORD" redis-cli -h 127.0.0.1 -p 6379

删除指定的 release

helm uninstall my-redis 
release "my-redis" uninstalled

Helm 自定义模板

charts 除了可以在 repo 中下载，还可以自己自定义，创建完成后通过 helm 部署到 k8s。

拉取 chart

mkdir /opt/helm
cd /opt/helm

helm pull bitnami/nginx

ls
nginx-15.1.4.tgz

tar xf nginx-15.1.4.tgz

yum install -y tree

tree ngixn
nginx
├── Chart.lock
├── charts
│   └── common
│       ├── Chart.yaml
│       ├── README.md
│       ├── templates
│       │   ├── _affinities.tpl
│       │   ├── _capabilities.tpl
│       │   ├── _errors.tpl
│       │   ├── _images.tpl
│       │   ├── _ingress.tpl
│       │   ├── _labels.tpl
│       │   ├── _names.tpl
│       │   ├── _secrets.tpl
│       │   ├── _storage.tpl
│       │   ├── _tplvalues.tpl
│       │   ├── _utils.tpl
│       │   ├── validations
│       │   │   ├── _cassandra.tpl
│       │   │   ├── _mariadb.tpl
│       │   │   ├── _mongodb.tpl
│       │   │   ├── _mysql.tpl
│       │   │   ├── _postgresql.tpl
│       │   │   ├── _redis.tpl
│       │   │   └── _validations.tpl
│       │   └── _warnings.tpl
│       └── values.yaml
├── Chart.yaml
├── README.md
├── templates
│   ├── deployment.yaml
│   ├── extra-list.yaml
│   ├── health-ingress.yaml
│   ├── _helpers.tpl
│   ├── hpa.yaml
│   ├── ingress.yaml
│   ├── NOTES.txt
│   ├── pdb.yaml
│   ├── prometheusrules.yaml
│   ├── server-block-configmap.yaml
│   ├── serviceaccount.yaml
│   ├── servicemonitor.yaml
│   ├── svc.yaml
│   └── tls-secrets.yaml
├── values.schema.json
└── values.yaml

5 directories, 41 files

可以看到，一个 chart 包就是一个文件夹的集合，文件夹名称就是 chart 包的名称。

chart 是包含至少两项内容的helm软件包
（1）软件包自描述文件 Chart.yaml，这个文件必须有 name 和 version（chart版本）的定义
（2）一个或多个模板，其中包含 Kubernetes 清单文件：
●NOTES.txt：chart 的“帮助文本”，在用户运行 helm install 时显示给用户
●deployment.yaml：创建 deployment 的资源清单文件
●service.yaml：为 deployment 创建 service 的资源清单文件
●ingress.yaml: 创建 ingress 对象的资源清单文件
●_helpers.tpl：放置模板助手的地方，可以在整个 chart 中重复使用

创建自定义的 chart

helm create nginx
tree nginx
nginx
├── charts
├── Chart.yaml
├── templates
│   ├── deployment.yaml
│   ├── _helpers.tpl
│   ├── hpa.yaml
│   ├── ingress.yaml
│   ├── NOTES.txt
│   ├── serviceaccount.yaml
│   ├── service.yaml
│   └── tests
│       └── test-connection.yaml
└── values.yaml

cat nginx/templates/deployment.yaml
#在 templates 目录下 yaml 文件模板中的变量（go template语法）的值默认是在 nginx/values.yaml 中定义的，只需要修改 nginx/values.yaml 的内容，也就完成了 templates 目录下 yaml 文件的配置。
比如在 deployment.yaml 中定义的容器镜像：
image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag | default .Chart.AppVersion }}"

cat nginx/values.yaml | grep repository
  repository: nginx
#以上变量值是在 create chart 的时候就自动生成的默认值，你可以根据实际情况进行修改。

修改 chart

vim nginx/Chart.yaml
apiVersion: v2
name: nginx                     #chart名字
description: A Helm chart for Kubernetes
type: application               #chart类型，application或library
version: 0.1.0                  #chart版本
appVersion: 1.16.0              #application部署版本

vim nginx/values.yaml
replicaCount: 1

image:
  repository: nginx
  pullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  tag: "latest"                 #设置镜像标签

imagePullSecrets: []
nameOverride: ""
fullnameOverride: ""

serviceAccount:
  create: true
  annotations: {}
  name: ""

podAnnotations: {}

podSecurityContext: {}
  # fsGroup: 2000

securityContext: {}
  # capabilities:
  #   drop:
  #   - ALL
  # readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
  # runAsNonRoot: true
  # runAsUser: 1000

service:
  type: ClusterIP
  port: 80

ingress:
  enabled: true                 #开启 ingress
  className: ""
  annotations: {}
    # kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
    # kubernetes.io/tls-acme: "true"
  hosts:
    - host: www.kgc.com         #指定ingress域名
      paths:
        - path: /
          pathType: Prefix      #指定ingress路径类型
  tls: []
  #  - secretName: chart-example-tls
  #    hosts:
  #      - chart-example.local

resources:
  limits:
    cpu: 100m
    memory: 128Mi
  requests:
    cpu: 100m
    memory: 128Mi

autoscaling:
  enabled: false
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 100
  targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 80
  # targetMemoryUtilizationPercentage: 80

nodeSelector: {}

tolerations: []

affinity: {}

打包 chart

helm lint nginx        #检查依赖和模版配置是否正确

helm package nginx     #打包 chart，会在当前目录下生成压缩包 nginx-0.1.0.tgz

部署 chart

helm install nginx ./nginx --dry-run --debug    #使用 --dry-run 参数验证 Chart 的配置，并不执行安装

helm install nginx ./nginx -n default           #部署 chart，release 版本默认为 1
或者
helm install nginx ./nginx-0.1.0.tgz

可根据不同的配置来 install，默认是 values.yaml

helm install nginx ./nginx -f ./nginx/values-prod.yaml

helm ls
NAME    NAMESPACE       REVISION        UPDATED                                 STATUS  CHART           APP VERSION
nginx-1 default         3               2023-08-21 18:46:10.991059082 +0800 CST deployednginx-0.1.0     1.16.0

kubectl get pod,svc
NAME                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/load-generator            1/1     Running   0          25h
pod/myapp                     1/1     Running   1          25h
pod/myapp2                    1/1     Running   0          25h
pod/nginx-1-b57dc6896-ljgv8   1/1     Running   0          45m

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1      <none>        443/TCP   3d3h
service/nginx-1      ClusterIP   10.96.154.69   <none>        80/TCP    45m
service/php-apache   ClusterIP   10.96.55.210   <none>        80/TCP    25h

部署 ingress

wget https://gitee.com/mirrors/ingress-nginx/raw/nginx-0.30.0/deploy/static/mandatory.yaml
wget https://gitee.com/mirrors/ingress-nginx/raw/nginx-0.30.0/deploy/static/provider/baremetal/service-nodeport.yaml
kubectl apply -f mandatory.yaml
kubectl apply -f service-nodeport.yaml

vim deploy-1.3.0.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
  name: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: v1
automountServiceAccountToken: true
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx
  namespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhook
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-admission
  namespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx
  namespace: ingress-nginx
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - namespaces
  verbs:
  - get
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - configmaps
  - pods
  - secrets
  - endpoints
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - services
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - networking.k8s.io
  resources:
  - ingresses
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - networking.k8s.io
  resources:
  - ingresses/status
  verbs:
  - update
- apiGroups:
  - networking.k8s.io
  resources:
  - ingressclasses
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resourceNames:
  - ingress-controller-leader
  resources:
  - configmaps
  verbs:
  - get
  - update
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - configmaps
  verbs:
  - create
- apiGroups:
  - coordination.k8s.io
  resourceNames:
  - ingress-controller-leader
  resources:
  - leases
  verbs:
  - get
  - update
- apiGroups:
  - coordination.k8s.io
  resources:
  - leases
  verbs:
  - create
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - events
  verbs:
  - create
  - patch
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhook
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-admission
  namespace: ingress-nginx
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - secrets
  verbs:
  - get
  - create
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - configmaps
  - endpoints
  - nodes
  - pods
  - secrets
  - namespaces
  verbs:
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - coordination.k8s.io
  resources:
  - leases
  verbs:
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes
  verbs:
  - get
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - services
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - networking.k8s.io
  resources:
  - ingresses
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - events
  verbs:
  - create
  - patch
- apiGroups:
  - networking.k8s.io
  resources:
  - ingresses/status
  verbs:
  - update
- apiGroups:
  - networking.k8s.io
  resources:
  - ingressclasses
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhook
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-admission
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - admissionregistration.k8s.io
  resources:
  - validatingwebhookconfigurations
  verbs:
  - get
  - update
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx
  namespace: ingress-nginx
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: Role
  name: ingress-nginx
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: ingress-nginx
  namespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhook
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-admission
  namespace: ingress-nginx
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: Role
  name: ingress-nginx-admission
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: ingress-nginx-admission
  namespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: ingress-nginx
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: ingress-nginx
  namespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhook
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-admission
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: ingress-nginx-admission
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: ingress-nginx-admission
  namespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: v1
data:
  allow-snippet-annotations: "true"
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-controller
  namespace: ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-controller
  namespace: ingress-nginx
spec:
  externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
  ports:
  - appProtocol: http
    name: http
    port: 80
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: http
    nodePort: 30080
  - appProtocol: https
    name: https
    port: 443
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: https
    nodePort: 30443
  selector:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
  type: NodePort
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-controller-admission
  namespace: ingress-nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - appProtocol: https
    name: https-webhook
    port: 443
    targetPort: webhook
  selector:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
  type: ClusterIP
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-controller
  namespace: ingress-nginx
spec:
  minReadySeconds: 0
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
      app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
      app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
        app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
        app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - args:
        - /nginx-ingress-controller
        - --publish-service=$(POD_NAMESPACE)/ingress-nginx-controller
        - --election-id=ingress-controller-leader
        - --controller-class=k8s.io/ingress-nginx
        - --ingress-class=nginx
        - --configmap=$(POD_NAMESPACE)/ingress-nginx-controller
        - --validating-webhook=:8443
        - --validating-webhook-certificate=/usr/local/certificates/cert
        - --validating-webhook-key=/usr/local/certificates/key
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        - name: LD_PRELOAD
          value: /usr/local/lib/libmimalloc.so
        image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/nginx-ingress-controller:v1.3.0@sha256:d1707ca76d3b044ab8a28277a2466a02100ee9f58a86af1535a3edf9323ea1b5
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        lifecycle:
          preStop:
            exec:
              command:
              - /wait-shutdown
        livenessProbe:
          failureThreshold: 5
          httpGet:
            path: /healthz
            port: 10254
            scheme: HTTP
          initialDelaySeconds: 10
          periodSeconds: 10
          successThreshold: 1
          timeoutSeconds: 1
        name: controller
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          name: http
          protocol: TCP
        - containerPort: 443
          name: https
          protocol: TCP
        - containerPort: 8443
          name: webhook
          protocol: TCP
        readinessProbe:
          failureThreshold: 3
          httpGet:
            path: /healthz
            port: 10254
            scheme: HTTP
          initialDelaySeconds: 10
          periodSeconds: 10
          successThreshold: 1
          timeoutSeconds: 1
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: 100m
            memory: 90Mi
        securityContext:
          allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
          capabilities:
            add:
            - NET_BIND_SERVICE
            drop:
            - ALL
          runAsUser: 101
        volumeMounts:
        - mountPath: /usr/local/certificates/
          name: webhook-cert
          readOnly: true
      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
      nodeSelector:
        kubernetes.io/os: linux
      serviceAccountName: ingress-nginx
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 300
      volumes:
      - name: webhook-cert
        secret:
          secretName: ingress-nginx-admission
---
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhook
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-admission-create
  namespace: ingress-nginx
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhook
        app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
        app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
        app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
        app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
      name: ingress-nginx-admission-create
    spec:
      containers:
      - args:
        - create
        - --host=ingress-nginx-controller-admission,ingress-nginx-controller-admission.$(POD_NAMESPACE).svc
        - --namespace=$(POD_NAMESPACE)
        - --secret-name=ingress-nginx-admission
        env:
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-webhook-certgen:v1.1.1@sha256:64d8c73dca984af206adf9d6d7e46aa550362b1d7a01f3a0a91b20cc67868660
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: create
        securityContext:
          allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
      nodeSelector:
        kubernetes.io/os: linux
      restartPolicy: OnFailure
      securityContext:
        fsGroup: 2000
        runAsNonRoot: true
        runAsUser: 2000
      serviceAccountName: ingress-nginx-admission
---
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhook
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-admission-patch
  namespace: ingress-nginx
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhook
        app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
        app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
        app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
        app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
      name: ingress-nginx-admission-patch
    spec:
      containers:
      - args:
        - patch
        - --webhook-name=ingress-nginx-admission
        - --namespace=$(POD_NAMESPACE)
        - --patch-mutating=false
        - --secret-name=ingress-nginx-admission
        - --patch-failure-policy=Fail
        env:
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-webhook-certgen:v1.1.1@sha256:64d8c73dca984af206adf9d6d7e46aa550362b1d7a01f3a0a91b20cc67868660
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: patch
        securityContext:
          allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
      nodeSelector:
        kubernetes.io/os: linux
      restartPolicy: OnFailure
      securityContext:
        fsGroup: 2000
        runAsNonRoot: true
        runAsUser: 2000
      serviceAccountName: ingress-nginx-admission
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: IngressClass
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: nginx
  annotations:
    ingressclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class: "true"
spec:
  controller: k8s.io/ingress-nginx
---
apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
kind: ValidatingWebhookConfiguration
metadata:
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/component: admission-webhook
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 1.3.0
  name: ingress-nginx-admission
webhooks:
- admissionReviewVersions:
  - v1
  clientConfig:
    service:
      name: ingress-nginx-controller-admission
      namespace: ingress-nginx
      path: /networking/v1/ingresses
  failurePolicy: Fail
  matchPolicy: Equivalent
  name: validate.nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io
  rules:
  - apiGroups:
    - networking.k8s.io
    apiVersions:
    - v1
    operations:
    - CREATE
    - UPDATE
    resources:
    - ingresses
  sideEffects: None

vim service-nodeport.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: ingress-nginx
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
    - name: http
      port: 80
      targetPort: 80
      protocol: TCP
    - name: https
      port: 443
      targetPort: 443
      protocol: TCP
  selector:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx

kubectl get pod,svc -n ingress-nginx
NAME                                       READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
pod/ingress-nginx-admission-create-k54lt   0/1     Completed   0          47h
pod/ingress-nginx-admission-patch-4zh89    0/1     Completed   0          47h
pod/ingress-nginx-controller-clcr7         1/1     Running     6          47h
pod/ingress-nginx-controller-kpmh7         1/1     Running     0          47h

NAME                                         TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)                      AGE
service/ingress-nginx                        NodePort       10.96.241.250   <none>        80:31673/TCP,443:31232/TCP   7s
service/ingress-nginx-controller             LoadBalancer   10.96.81.204    <pending>     80:30916/TCP,443:32643/TCP   47h
service/ingress-nginx-controller-admission   ClusterIP      10.96.79.213    <none>        443/TCP                      47h

vim ingress-app.yaml      
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: nginx-app-ingress
spec:
  ingressClassName: "nginx"
  rules:
  - host: www.ggl.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: ingress-nginx 
            port:
              number: 80

vim deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: ingress-nginx-deployment
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
      app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
        app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: ingress-nginx
          image: nginx:latest
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
              name: http
              protocol: TCP
            - containerPort: 443
              name: https
              protocol: TCP

kubectl get ingress
NAME                CLASS   HOSTS         ADDRESS   PORTS   AGE
nginx-app-ingress   nginx   www.ggl.com             80      13s

vim /etc/hosts
.....
192.168.10.30 node02 www.ggl.com

curl http://www.ggl.com:31998
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
html { color-scheme: light dark; }
body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

修改为 NodePort 访问后，升级

vim nginx/values.yaml
service:
  type: NodePort
  port: 80
  nodePort: 30080

ingress:
  enabled: false

vim nginx/templates/service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: {{ include "nginx.fullname" . }}
  labels:
    {{- include "nginx.labels" . | nindent 4 }}
spec:
  type: {{ .Values.service.type }}
  ports:
    - port: {{ .Values.service.port }}
      targetPort: http
      protocol: TCP
      name: http
      nodePort: {{ .Values.service.nodePort }}              #指定 nodePort
  selector:
    {{- include "nginx.selectorLabels" . | nindent 4 }}

升级 release，release 版本加 1

helm upgrade nginx nginx

kubectl get svc
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1      <none>        443/TCP        3d2h
nginx-1      NodePort    10.96.154.69   <none>        80:30080/TCP   9m17s
php-apache   ClusterIP   10.96.55.210   <none>        80/TCP         24h

curl 192.168.10.10:30080
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

回滚

根据 release 版本回滚

helm history nginx-1       #查看 release 版本历史
REVISION        UPDATED                         STATUS          CHART           APP VERSION     DESCRIPTION
1               Mon Aug 21 18:32:39 2023        superseded      nginx-0.1.0     1.16.0          Install complete
2               Mon Aug 21 18:41:35 2023        deployed        nginx-0.1.0     1.16.0          Upgrade complete

helm rollback nginx-1 1                #回滚 release 到版本1
Rollback was a success! Happy Helming!

helm history nginx-1                   #nginx release 已经回滚到版本 1
REVISION        UPDATED                         STATUS          CHART           APP VERSION     DESCRIPTION
1               Mon Aug 21 18:32:39 2023        superseded      nginx-0.1.0     1.16.0          Install complete
2               Mon Aug 21 18:41:35 2023        superseded      nginx-0.1.0     1.16.0          Upgrade complete
3               Mon Aug 21 18:46:10 2023        deployed        nginx-0.1.0     1.16.0          Rollback to 1

#通常情况下，在配置好 templates 目录下的 kubernetes 清单文件后，后续维护一般只需要修改 Chart.yaml 和 values.yaml 即可。

//在命令行使用 --set 指定参数来部署（install,upgrade）release
#注：此参数值会覆盖掉在 values.yaml 中的值，如需了解其它的预定义变量参数，可查看 helm 官方文档。

helm upgrade nginx nginx --set image.tag='1.15'

Helm 仓库

helm 可以使用 harbor 作为本地仓库，将自定义的 chart 推送至 harbor 仓库。

安装 harbor

#上传 harbor-offline-installer-v1.9.1.tgz 和 docker-compose 文件到 /opt 目录
cd /opt
cp docker-compose /usr/local/bin/
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

tar zxf  harbor-offline-installer-v1.10.18.tgz
cd harbor/

vim harbor.yml
hostname: 192.168.10.10
harbor_admin_password: Harbor12345     #admin用户初始密码
data_volume: /data                     #数据存储路径，自动创建
chart:
  absolute_url: enabled                #在chart中启用绝对url
log:
  level: info
  local:
    rotate_count: 50
    rotate_size: 200M
    location: /var/log/harbor          #日志路径

#安装带有 Clair service 和 chart 仓库服务的 Harbor
./install.sh --with-clair --with-chartmuseum

安装 push 插件

在线安装

helm plugin install https://github.com/chartmuseum/helm-push

离线安装

wget https://github.com/chartmuseum/helm-push/releases/download/v0.8.1/helm-push_0.8.1_linux_amd64.tar.gz

mkdir ~/.local/share/helm/plugins/helm-push
tar -zxvf helm-push_0.8.1_linux_amd64.tar.gz -C ~/.local/share/helm/plugins/helm-push

helm repo ls
NAME    URL
bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami
stable  http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts
aliyun  https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts

登录 Harbor WEB UI 界面，创建一个新项目

浏览器访问：http://192.168.10.10 ，默认的管理员用户名和密码是 admin/Harbor12345
点击 “+新建项目” 按钮
填写项目名称为 “chart_repo”，访问级别勾选 “公开”，点击 “确定” 按钮，创建新项目

添加仓库

helm repo add harbor http://192.168.10.10:85/chartrepo/chart_repo --username=admin --password=Harbor12345

注：这里的 repo 的地址是<Harbor URL>/chartrepo/<项目名称>，Harbor 中每个项目是分开的 repo。如果不提供项目名称，则默认使用 library 这个项目。

推送 chart 到 harbor 中

cd /opt/helm
helm push nginx harbor
Pushing nginx-0.1.0.tgz to harbor...
Done.

【kubernetes】Helm