队列

• 是限定在一端进行插入，另一端进行删除的特殊线性表。
• 先进先出(FIFO)线性表。
• 允许出队的一端称为队头，允许入队的一端称为队尾。

队列（Queue接口）提供的方法

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element into this queue if it is possible to do so
     * immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning
     * {@code true} upon success and throwing an {@code IllegalStateException}
     * if no space is currently available.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
     *         time due to capacity restrictions
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this queue
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and
     *         this queue does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of this element
     *         prevents it from being added to this queue
     */
    // 添加一个元素，添加成功返回true, 如果队列满了，就会抛出异常
    boolean add(E e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element into this queue if it is possible to do
     * so immediately without violating capacity restrictions.
     * When using a capacity-restricted queue, this method is generally
     * preferable to {@link #add}, which can fail to insert an element only
     * by throwing an exception.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} if the element was added to this queue, else
     *         {@code false}
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this queue
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and
     *         this queue does not permit null elements
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of this element
     *         prevents it from being added to this queue
     */
    //添加一个元素，添加成功返回true, 如果队列满了，返回false 
    boolean offer(E e);

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head of this queue.  This method differs
     * from {@link #poll poll} only in that it throws an exception if this
     * queue is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this queue
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this queue is empty
     */
    //返回并删除队首元素，队列为空则抛出异常 
    E remove();

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head of this queue,
     * or returns {@code null} if this queue is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this queue, or {@code null} if this queue is empty
     */
    //返回并删除队首元素，队列为空则返回null 
    E poll();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of this queue.  This method
     * differs from {@link #peek peek} only in that it throws an exception
     * if this queue is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this queue
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this queue is empty
     */
    //返回队首元素，但不移除，队列为空则抛出异常 
    E element();

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of this queue,
     * or returns {@code null} if this queue is empty.
     *
     * @return the head of this queue, or {@code null} if this queue is empty
     */
    //获取队首元素，但不移除，队列为空则返回null 
    E peek();

阻塞队列

阻塞队列 (BlockingQueue)是JUC(java util.concurrent)包下重要的数据结构，Queue接口。

BlockingQueue提供了线程安全的队列访问方式：

• 当阻塞队列插入数据时，如果队列已满，线程将会阻塞等待直到队列非满；

• 从阻塞队列取数据时，如果队列已空，线程将会阻塞等待直到队列非空。

并发包下很多高级同步类的实现都是基于BlockingQueue实现的。

阻塞队列（BlockingQueue接口）提供的方法

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element into this queue if it is possible to do
     * so immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning
     * {@code true} upon success and throwing an
     * {@code IllegalStateException} if no space is currently available.
     * When using a capacity-restricted queue, it is generally preferable to
     * use {@link #offer(Object) offer}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
     *         time due to capacity restrictions
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this queue
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this queue
     */
    //添加一个元素，添加成功返回true, 如果队列满了，就会抛出异常 
    boolean add(E e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element into this queue if it is possible to do
     * so immediately without violating capacity restrictions, returning
     * {@code true} upon success and {@code false} if no space is currently
     * available.  When using a capacity-restricted queue, this method is
     * generally preferable to {@link #add}, which can fail to insert an
     * element only by throwing an exception.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} if the element was added to this queue, else
     *         {@code false}
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this queue
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this queue
     */
    //添加一个元素，添加成功返回true, 如果队列满了，返回false 
    boolean offer(E e);

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element into this queue, waiting if necessary
     * for space to become available.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this queue
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this queue
     */
    //返回并删除队首元素，队列为空则抛出异常 
    void put(E e) throws InterruptedException;

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element into this queue, waiting up to the
     * specified wait time if necessary for space to become available.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @param timeout how long to wait before giving up, in units of
     *        {@code unit}
     * @param unit a {@code TimeUnit} determining how to interpret the
     *        {@code timeout} parameter
     * @return {@code true} if successful, or {@code false} if
     *         the specified waiting time elapses before space is available
     * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         prevents it from being added to this queue
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified
     *         element prevents it from being added to this queue
     */
    //在指定的阻塞时间内添加一个元素，添加成功返回true, 如果队列满了，返回false 
    boolean offer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException;

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head of this queue, waiting if necessary
     * until an element becomes available.
     *
     * @return the head of this queue
     * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting
     */
    //阻塞返回并删除队首元素
    E take() throws InterruptedException;

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head of this queue, waiting up to the
     * specified wait time if necessary for an element to become available.
     *
     * @param timeout how long to wait before giving up, in units of
     *        {@code unit}
     * @param unit a {@code TimeUnit} determining how to interpret the
     *        {@code timeout} parameter
     * @return the head of this queue, or {@code null} if the
     *         specified waiting time elapses before an element is available
     * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting
     */
    //在指定的阻塞时间内返回并删除队首元素，队列为空则返回null 
    E poll(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException;

    /**
     * Returns the number of additional elements that this queue can ideally
     * (in the absence of memory or resource constraints) accept without
     * blocking, or {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE} if there is no intrinsic
     * limit.
     *
     * <p>Note that you <em>cannot</em> always tell if an attempt to insert
     * an element will succeed by inspecting {@code remainingCapacity}
     * because it may be the case that another thread is about to
     * insert or remove an element.
     *
     * @return the remaining capacity
     */
    //返回队列内剩余可添加元素个数 
    int remainingCapacity();

    /**
     * Removes a single instance of the specified element from this queue,
     * if it is present.  More formally, removes an element {@code e} such
     * that {@code o.equals(e)}, if this queue contains one or more such
     * elements.
     * Returns {@code true} if this queue contained the specified element
     * (or equivalently, if this queue changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this queue, if present
     * @return {@code true} if this queue changed as a result of the call
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         is incompatible with this queue
     *         (<a href="../Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     *         (<a href="../Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    //从队列中移除一个指定元素，如果队列存在则移除并返回true，不存在返回false 
    boolean remove(Object o);

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this queue contains the specified element.
     * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this queue contains
     * at least one element {@code e} such that {@code o.equals(e)}.
     *
     * @param o object to be checked for containment in this queue
     * @return {@code true} if this queue contains the specified element
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
     *         is incompatible with this queue
     *         (<a href="../Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     *         (<a href="../Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
     */
    // 判断队列中是否至少包含一个指定元素，存在则返回true，不存在则返回false 
    public boolean contains(Object o);

    /**
     * Removes all available elements from this queue and adds them
     * to the given collection.  This operation may be more
     * efficient than repeatedly polling this queue.  A failure
     * encountered while attempting to add elements to
     * collection {@code c} may result in elements being in neither,
     * either or both collections when the associated exception is
     * thrown.  Attempts to drain a queue to itself result in
     * {@code IllegalArgumentException}. Further, the behavior of
     * this operation is undefined if the specified collection is
     * modified while the operation is in progress.
     *
     * @param c the collection to transfer elements into
     * @return the number of elements transferred
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if addition of elements
     *         is not supported by the specified collection
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this queue
     *         prevents it from being added to the specified collection
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified collection is this
     *         queue, or some property of an element of this queue prevents
     *         it from being added to the specified collection
     */
    // 从队列中移除所有可用元素，并将这些元素添加到指定集合中，同时返回移除的元素个数。 
    int drainTo(Collection<? super E> c);

    /**
     * Removes at most the given number of available elements from
     * this queue and adds them to the given collection.  A failure
     * encountered while attempting to add elements to
     * collection {@code c} may result in elements being in neither,
     * either or both collections when the associated exception is
     * thrown.  Attempts to drain a queue to itself result in
     * {@code IllegalArgumentException}. Further, the behavior of
     * this operation is undefined if the specified collection is
     * modified while the operation is in progress.
     *
     * @param c the collection to transfer elements into
     * @param maxElements the maximum number of elements to transfer
     * @return the number of elements transferred
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if addition of elements
     *         is not supported by the specified collection
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this queue
     *         prevents it from being added to the specified collection
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified collection is this
     *         queue, or some property of an element of this queue prevents
     *         it from being added to the specified collection
     */
    //  从队列中移除指定个数的可用元素，并将这些元素添加到指定集合中，同时返回移除的元素个数。 
    int drainTo(Collection<? super E> c, int maxElements);

在阻塞队列BlockingQueue类的注释上，有这样一个总结的表格：

方法	抛出异常	返回特定值	阻塞	阻塞特定时间
入队	add(e)	offer(e)	put(e)	offer(e, time, unit)
出队	remove()	poll()	take()	poll(time, unit)
获取队首元素	element()	peek()	不支持	不支持

应用场景

1. 线程池
   线程池中的任务队列通常是一个阻塞队列。当任务数超过线程池的容量时，新提交的任务将被放入任务队列中等待执行。线程池中的工作线程从任务队列中取出任务进行处理，如果队列为空，则工作线程会被阻塞，直到队列中有新的任务被提交。

2. 生产者-消费模型
   在生产者-消费者模型中，生产者向队列中添加元素，消费者从队列中取出元素进行处理。阻塞队列可以很好地解决生产者和消费者之间的并发问题，避免线程间的竞争和冲突。

3. 消息队列
   消息队列使用阻塞队列来存储消息，生产者将消息放入队列中，消费者从队列中取出消息进行处理。消息队列可以实现异步通信，提高系统的吞吐量和响应性能，同时还可以将不同的组件解耦，提高系统的可维护性和可扩展性。

4. 缓存系统
   缓存系统使用阻塞队列来存储缓存数据，当缓存数据被更新时，它会被放入队列中，其他线程可以从队列中取出最新的数据进行使用。使用阻塞队列可以避免并发更新缓存数据时的竞争和冲突。

5. 并发任务处理
   在并发任务处理中，可以将待处理的任务放入阻塞队列中，多个工作线程可以从队列中取出任务进行处理。使用阻塞队列可以避免多个线程同时处理同一个任务的问题，并且可以将任务的提交和执行解耦，提高系统的可维护性和可扩展性。

总之，阻塞队列在实际应用中有很多场景，它可以帮助我们解决并发问题，提高程序的性能和可靠性。

JUC包下的阻塞队列

BlockingQueue 接口的实现类都被放在了 JUC 包中，它们的区别主要体现在存储结构上或对元素操作上的不同，但是对于take与put操作的原理却是类似的。

队列	描述
ArrayBlockingQueue	基于数组结构实现的一个有界阻塞队列
LinkedBlockingQueue	基于链表结构实现的一个无界阻塞队列，指定容量为有界阻塞队列
PriorityBlockingQueue	支持按优先级排序的无界阻塞队列
DelayQueue	基于优先级队列（PriorityBlockingQueue）实现的无界阻塞队列
SynchronousQueue	不存储元素的阻塞队列
LinkedTransferQueue	基于链表结构实现的一个无界阻塞队列
LinkedBlockingDeque	基于链表结构实现的一个双端阻塞队列

如何选择适合的阻塞队列

选择策略

通常我们可以从以下 5 个角度考虑，来选择合适的阻塞队列：

1. 功能
   第 1 个需要考虑的就是功能层面。比如是否需要阻塞队列帮我们排序，如优先级排序、延迟执行等，如果有这个需要，我们就必须选择类似于 PriorityBlockingQueue 之类的有排序能力的阻塞队列。

2. 容量
   第 2 个需要考虑的是容量，或者说是否有存储的要求，还是只需要“直接传递”。在考虑这一点的时候，我们知道前面介绍的那几种阻塞队列，有的是容量固定的，如 ArrayBlockingQueue；有的默认是容量无限的，如 LinkedBlockingQueue；而有的里面没有任何容量，如 SynchronousQueue；而对于 DelayQueue 而言，它的容量固定就是 Integer.MAX_VALUE。所以不同阻塞队列的容量是千差万别的，我们需要根据任务数量来推算出合适的容量，从而去选取合适的 BlockingQueue。

3. 能否扩容
   第 3 个需要考虑的是能否扩容。因为有时我们并不能在初始的时候很好的准确估计队列的大小，因为业务可能有高峰期、低谷期。如果一开始就固定一个容量，可能无法应对所有的情况，也是不合适的，有可能需要动态扩容。如果我们需要动态扩容的话，那么就不能选择 ArrayBlockingQueue ，因为它的容量在创建时就确定了，无法扩容。相反，PriorityBlockingQueue 即使在指定了初始容量之后，后续如果有需要，也可以自动扩容。所以我们可以根据是否需要扩容来选取合适的队列。

4. 内存结构
   第 4 个需要考虑的点就是内存结构。通过ArrayBlockingQueue 的源码，看到了它的内部结构是“数组”的形式。和它不同的是，LinkedBlockingQueue 的内部是用链表实现的，所以这里就需要我们考虑到，ArrayBlockingQueue 没有链表所需要的“节点”，空间利用率更高。所以如果我们对性能有要求可以从内存的结构角度去考虑这个问题。

5. 性能
   第 5 点就是从性能的角度去考虑。比如 LinkedBlockingQueue 由于拥有两把锁，它的操作粒度更细，在并发程度高的时候，相对于只有一把锁的 ArrayBlockingQueue 性能会更好。另外，SynchronousQueue 性能往往优于其他实现，因为它只需要“直接传递”，而不需要存储的过程。如果我们的场景需要直接传递的话，可以优先考虑 SynchronousQueue。

线程池对于阻塞队列的选择

线程池有很多种，不同种类的线程池会根据自己的特点，来选择适合自己的阻塞队列。

Executors类下的线程池类型：

• FixedThreadPool（SingleThreadExecutor 同理）选取的是 LinkedBlockingQueue

• CachedThreadPool 选取的是 SynchronousQueue

• ScheduledThreadPool（SingleThreadScheduledExecutor同理）选取的是延迟队列