NixOS & Legacy Boot(MBR) VmwareWorkstation安装向导

1. 下载镜像

1. NixOS 清华大学开源镜像站
2. NixOS 官方
   
   这里我选用GNOME版本作为安装演示ISO

---

2. 创建空白虚拟机

这里只演示需要修改的部分，其余不用修改的不做演示，直接下一步即可

1. 新建虚拟机，选择自定义安装
   
2. 选择稍后安装虚拟机
   
3. 虚拟机版本选择 其他 Linux 5.x 内核
   
4. 配置完成后，点击 编辑虚拟机设置 $\to$ 使用ISO映像文件
   

---

3. 使用命令行安装 NixOS

启动虚拟机，来到安装引导界面

关闭 NixOS Installer，点击左上角的Activities，选择底部Dock栏的Console

这里由于 VmwarkStation 默认是使用BIOS 传统引导(Legacy Boot)MBR 方式启动，所以演示以 Legacy Boot(MBR) 为例子

---

3.1 Legacy Boot(MBR)

首先使用管理员身份登录

sudo su root

1. 打开 /dev/sda 设备并进入 parted 命令行模式

   parted /dev/sda
   

2. 创建MBR分区表

   (parted) mklabel msdos
   

3. 创建一个新的主分区，从 1MB 开始，到倒数第 8GB 结束

   (parted) mkpart primary 1MB -8GB
   

4. 将第一个分区的启动标志设置为 on，表示这个分区是可引导的

   (parted) set 1 boot on
   

5. 创建一个新的主分区，类型为 linux-swap，从倒数第 8GB 开始，到最后结束

   (parted) mkpart primary linux-swap -8GB 100%
   

6. 退出

   (parted) quit
   

---

3.2 格式化

1. 在 /dev/sda1 上创建一个 ext4 文件系统，并将其标记为 nixos

   mkfs.ext4 -L nixos /dev/sda1
   

2. 创建一个新的交换分区，并将其标记为 swap

   mkswap -L swap /dev/sda2
   

3. 将 /dev/disk/by-label/nixos 挂载到 /mnt 目录下，使得该目录下的文件可以被访问

   mount /dev/disk/by-label/nixos /mnt
   

4. 将 /dev/sda2 上的交换分区打开

   swapon /dev/sda2
   

5. 在 /mnt 目录下生成 NixOS 的配置文件，该文件包含了 NixOS 的所有配置信息，包括系统的软件包、服务、用户等等

   nixos-generate-config --root /mnt
   

6. 编辑 /mnt/etc/nixos/configuration.nix以满足你的需要

   vim /mnt/etc/nixos/configuration.nix 
   

---

4. configration.nix 配置文件

configuration.nix 是 NixOS 系统的配置文件，它是一个声明式的配置文件，描述了整个系统的状态，包括应该安装哪些软件包以及各种系统设置和选项

# Edit this configuration file to define what should be installed on
# your system.  Help is available in the configuration.nix(5) man page
# and in the NixOS manual (accessible by running ‘nixos-help’).

{ config, pkgs, ... }:

{
  imports =
    [ # Include the results of the hardware scan.
      ./hardware-configuration.nix
    ];

  # Use the GRUB 2 boot loader.
  boot.loader.grub.enable = true;
  boot.loader.grub.version = 2;
  # boot.loader.grub.efiSupport = true;
  # boot.loader.grub.efiInstallAsRemovable = true;
  # boot.loader.efi.efiSysMountPoint = "/boot/efi";
  # Define on which hard drive you want to install Grub.
  boot.loader.grub.device = "/dev/sda"; # or "nodev" for efi only

  networking.hostName = "nixos"; # Define your hostname.
  # Pick only one of the below networking options.
  # networking.wireless.enable = true;  # Enables wireless support via wpa_supplicant.
  networking.networkmanager.enable = true;  # Easiest to use and most distros use this by default.

  # Set your time zone.
  time.timeZone = "Asia/Shanghai";

  # Configure network proxy if necessary
  # networking.proxy.default = "http://user:password@proxy:port/";
  # networking.proxy.noProxy = "127.0.0.1,localhost,internal.domain";

  # Select internationalisation properties.
  i18n.defaultLocale = "en_US.UTF-8";
  console = {
    font = "Lat2-Terminus16";
  #   keyMap = "us";
    useXkbConfig = true; # use xkbOptions in tty.
  };

  # Enable the X11 windowing system.
  services.xserver.enable = true;

  # Enable Vmware-Tools
  virtualisation.vmware.guest.enable = true;

  # Change Nix-Channel by TsingHua
  nix.settings.substituters = [ "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/nix-channels/store" ];

  # Enable the GNOME Desktop Environment.
  services.xserver.displayManager.gdm.enable = true;
  services.xserver.desktopManager.gnome.enable = true;
  
  # Configure keymap in X11
  services.xserver.layout = "us";
  # services.xserver.xkbOptions = {
  #   "eurosign:e";
  #   "caps:escape" # map caps to escape.
  # };

  # Enable CUPS to print documents.
  # services.printing.enable = true;

  # Enable sound.
  sound.enable = true;
  # hardware.pulseaudio.enable = true;

  # Enable touchpad support (enabled default in most desktopManager).
  # services.xserver.libinput.enable = true;

  # Define a user account. Don't forget to set a password with ‘passwd’.
  # users.users.alice = {
  #   isNormalUser = true;
  #   extraGroups = [ "wheel" ]; # Enable ‘sudo’ for the user.
  #   packages = with pkgs; [
  #     firefox
  #     thunderbird
  #   ];
  # };

  # List packages installed in system profile. To search, run:
  # $ nix search wget
  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
    vim # Do not forget to add an editor to edit configuration.nix! The Nano editor is also installed by default.
    wget
    neofetch
    openssh
    bash-completion
    rxvt-unicode
    alacritty
    parted
  ];

  # Some programs need SUID wrappers, can be configured further or are
  # started in user sessions.
  # programs.mtr.enable = true;
  # programs.gnupg.agent = {
  #   enable = true;
  #   enableSSHSupport = true;
  # };

  # List services that you want to enable:

  # Enable the OpenSSH daemon.
  # services.openssh.enable = true;

  # Open ports in the firewall.
  # networking.firewall.allowedTCPPorts = [ ... ];
  # networking.firewall.allowedUDPPorts = [ ... ];
  # Or disable the firewall altogether.
  networking.firewall.enable = false;

  # Copy the NixOS configuration file and link it from the resulting system
  # (/run/current-system/configuration.nix). This is useful in case you
  # accidentally delete configuration.nix.
  # system.copySystemConfiguration = true;

  # This value determines the NixOS release from which the default
  # settings for stateful data, like file locations and database versions
  # on your system were taken. It‘s perfectly fine and recommended to leave
  # this value at the release version of the first install of this system.
  # Before changing this value read the documentation for this option
  # (e.g. man configuration.nix or on https://nixos.org/nixos/options.html).
  system.stateVersion = "22.11"; # Did you read the comment?

}

---

5. 部署NixOS

生成 configration.nix 配置文件后，由于网络原因

我们需要临时使用清华大学开源镜像站的Nix-channels配置

nixos-install --option substituters "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/nix-channels/store" -vv

但是有时候镜像不是很稳定，可以尝试其他的，这里以中国科学技术大学为例

nixos-install --option substituters https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/nix-channels/store

安装完成后，系统会提示你设置root账户的密码

setting root password...
New password: ***
Retype new password: ***

之后输入 reboot 重启 NixOS 即可

---

6. 部分教育站镜像源集合

1. 中国科学技术大学Nix源使用帮助 | 个人觉得最稳定
2. 清华大学开源镜像站 Nix Channels 镜像使用帮助 | 对一些Github的配置文件无法下载
3. 上海交通大学nix-channels/store镜像源服务

---

参考资料

How to Install VMware Tools (Open VM Tools) in NixOS Linux 20.09
NixOS Installation Guide
从⑨开始的NixOS | 安装篇 --作者：农企中国
从⑨开始的NixOS | 安装篇 --特别补充 --作者：农企中国

---

⚠️未解决的问题

Vmware Tools 安装后无法根据显示器大小自适应缩放，已经在 NixOS Wiki 社区提问。Display scaling issue with VMware tools in NixOS