一.组件的三大组成部分-注意点说明
(1)scoped样式冲突
默认情况:写在组件中的样式会全局生效 → 因此很容易造成多个组件之间的样式冲突
①全局样式:默认组件中的样式会作用到全局
②局部样式:可以给组件加上scoped属性,可以让样式只作用于当前组件
<template>
<div class="base-one">
BaseOne
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
}
</script>
<style scoped>
/*
1.style中的样式 默认是作用到全局的
2.加上scoped可以让样式变成局部样式
组件都应该有独立的样式,推荐加scoped(原理)
-----------------------------------------------------
scoped原理:
1.给当前组件模板的所有元素,都会添加上一个自定义属性
data-v-hash值
data-v-5f6a9d56 用于区分开不通的组件
2.css选择器后面,被自动处理,添加上了属性选择器
div[data-v-5f6a9d56]
*/
div{
border: 3px solid blue;
margin: 30px;
}
</style>
<template>
<div class="base-one">
BaseTwo
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
}
</script>
<style scoped>
div{
border: 3px solid red;
margin: 30px;
}
</style>
(2)data一个函数
一个组件的data选项必须是一个函数 → 保证每个各组件实例,维护独立的一份数据对象
每次创建新的组件实例,都会新执行一次data函数,得到一个新对象
<template>
<div class="base-count">
<button @click="count--">-</button>
<span>{{ count }}</span>
<button @click="count++">+</button>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
// data() {
// console.log('函数执行了')
// return {
// count: 100,
// }
// },
data: function () {
return {
count: 100,
}
},
}
</script>
<style>
.base-count {
margin: 20px;
}
</style>
(3)什么是组件通信
组件通信,就是指组件与组件之前的数据传递
组件的数据的独立的,无法直接访问其他组件的数据
想用其他组件的数据 → 组件通信
不同组件关系和组件通信方案分类
组件关系分类
1.父子关系 2.非父子关系
组件通信解决方案
父子通信流程图:
1.父组件通过props将数据传递给子组件
<template>
<div class="son" style="border:3px solid #000;margin:10px">
<!-- 3.直接使用props的值 -->
我是Son组件 {{title}}
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
name: 'Son-Child',
// 2.通过props来接受
props:['title']
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
<template>
<div class="app" style="border: 3px solid #000; margin: 10px">
我是APP组件
<!-- 1.给组件标签,添加属性方式 赋值 -->
<Son :title="myTitle"></Son>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import Son from './components/Son.vue'
export default {
name: 'App',
data() {
return {
myTitle: '学前端,就来黑马程序员',
}
},
components: {
Son,
},
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
2.子组件利用$emit通知父组件修改更新
<template>
<div class="son" style="border: 3px solid #000; margin: 10px">
我是Son组件 {{ title }}
<button @click="changeFn">修改title</button>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
name: 'Son-Child',
props: ['title'],
methods: {
changeFn() {
// 通过this.$emit() 向父组件发送通知
this.$emit('changTitle','传智教育')
},
},
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
<template>
<div class="app" style="border: 3px solid #000; margin: 10px">
我是APP组件
<!-- 2.父组件对子组件的消息进行监听 -->
<Son :title="myTitle" @changTitle="handleChange"></Son>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import Son from './components/Son.vue'
export default {
name: 'App',
data() {
return {
myTitle: '学前端,就来黑马程序员',
}
},
components: {
Son,
},
methods: {
// 3.提供处理函数,提供逻辑
handleChange(newTitle) {
this.myTitle = newTitle
},
},
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
二.props讲解
prop定义:组件上注册的一些自定义属性
prop作用:向子组件传递数据
<template>
<div class="userinfo">
<h3>我是个人信息组件</h3>
<div>姓名:{{username}}</div>
<div>年龄:{{age}}</div>
<div>是否单身:{{isSingle}}</div>
<div>座驾:{{car.brand}}</div>
<div>兴趣爱好:{{hobby.join('、')}}</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
props:['username','age','isSingle','car','hobby']
}
</script>
<style>
.userinfo {
width: 300px;
border: 3px solid #000;
padding: 20px;
}
.userinfo > div {
margin: 20px 10px;
}
</style>
<template>
<div class="app">
<UserInfo
:username="username"
:age="age"
:isSingle="isSingle"
:car="car"
:hobby="hobby"
></UserInfo>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import UserInfo from './components/UserInfo.vue'
export default {
data() {
return {
username: '小帅',
age: 28,
isSingle: true,
car: {
brand: '宝马',
},
hobby: ['篮球', '足球', '羽毛球'],
}
},
components: {
UserInfo,
},
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
props校验:为组件的prop指定验证要求,不符合要求,控制带就会有错误提示 → 帮助开发者,快速发现错误
语法:
props:{
校验的属性名:类型
},
①类型校验
②非空校验
<template>
<div class="base-progress">
<div class="inner" :style="{ width: w + '%' }">
<span>{{ w }}%</span>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
// 1.基础写法(类型校验)
// props: {
// w: Number,
// },
// 2.完整写法(类型、默认值、非空、自定义校验)
props: {
w: {
type: Number,
required: true,
default: 0,
validator(val) {
// console.log(val)
if (val >= 100 || val <= 0) {
console.error('传入的范围必须是0-100之间')
return false
} else {
return true
}
},
},
},
}
</script>
<style scoped>
.base-progress {
height: 26px;
width: 400px;
border-radius: 15px;
background-color: #272425;
border: 3px solid #272425;
box-sizing: border-box;
margin-bottom: 30px;
}
.inner {
position: relative;
background: #379bff;
border-radius: 15px;
height: 25px;
box-sizing: border-box;
left: -3px;
top: -2px;
}
.inner span {
position: absolute;
right: 0;
top: 26px;
}
</style>
③默认值
<template>
<div class="base-progress">
<div class="inner" :style="{ width: w + '%' }">
<span>{{ w }}%</span>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
props: {
w: Number,
},
}
</script>
<style scoped>
.base-progress {
height: 26px;
width: 400px;
border-radius: 15px;
background-color: #272425;
border: 3px solid #272425;
box-sizing: border-box;
margin-bottom: 30px;
}
.inner {
position: relative;
background: #379bff;
border-radius: 15px;
height: 25px;
box-sizing: border-box;
left: -3px;
top: -2px;
}
.inner span {
position: absolute;
right: 0;
top: 26px;
}
</style>
<template>
<div class="app">
<BaseProgress :w="width"></BaseProgress>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import BaseProgress from './components/BaseProgress.vue'
export default {
data() {
return {
width: 30,
}
},
components: {
BaseProgress,
},
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
④自定义校验
props:{
校验的属性名:{
type:类型,
required:true,
default:默认值,
validator(value){
return 是否通过校验
}
}
},
prop & data、单向数据流
共同点:都可以给组件提供数据
区别:
data的数据是自己的 → 随便改
prop的数据是外部的 → 不能直接改,要遵循单向数据流
<template>
<div class="base-count">
<button @click="handleSub">-</button>
<span>{{ count }}</span>
<button @click="handleAdd">+</button>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
// 1.自己的数据随便修改 (谁的数据 谁负责)
// data () {
// return {
// count: 100,
// }
// },
// 2.外部传过来的数据 不能随便修改
props: {
count: {
type: Number,
},
},
methods: {
handleSub() {
this.$emit('changeCount', this.count - 1)
},
handleAdd() {
this.$emit('changeCount', this.count + 1)
},
},
}
</script>
<style>
.base-count {
margin: 20px;
}
</style>
组件通信案例:小黑记事本 - 组件版
TodoFooter.vue
<template>
<!-- 统计和清空 -->
<footer class="footer">
<!-- 统计 -->
<span class="todo-count"
>合 计:<strong> {{ list.length }} </strong></span
>
<!-- 清空 -->
<button class="clear-completed" @click="clear">清空任务</button>
</footer>
</template>
<script>
export default {
props: {
list: {
type: Array,
},
},
methods:{
clear(){
this.$emit('clear')
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
TodoHeader
<template>
<!-- 输入框 -->
<header class="header">
<h1>小黑记事本</h1>
<input placeholder="请输入任务" class="new-todo" v-model="todoName" @keyup.enter="handleAdd"/>
<button class="add" @click="handleAdd">添加任务</button>
</header>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data(){
return {
todoName:''
}
},
methods:{
handleAdd(){
// console.log(this.todoName)
this.$emit('add',this.todoName)
this.todoName = ''
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
TodoMain.vue
<template>
<!-- 列表区域 -->
<section class="main">
<ul class="todo-list">
<li class="todo" v-for="(item, index) in list" :key="item.id">
<div class="view">
<span class="index">{{ index + 1 }}.</span>
<label>{{ item.name }}</label>
<button class="destroy" @click="handleDel(item.id)"></button>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</template>
<script>
export default {
props: {
list: {
type: Array,
},
},
methods: {
handleDel(id) {
this.$emit('del', id)
},
},
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
APP.vue
<template>
<!-- 主体区域 -->
<section id="app">
<TodoHeader @add="handleAdd"></TodoHeader>
<TodoMain :list="list" @del="handelDel"></TodoMain>
<TodoFooter :list="list" @clear="clear"></TodoFooter>
</section>
</template>
<script>
import TodoHeader from './components/TodoHeader.vue'
import TodoMain from './components/TodoMain.vue'
import TodoFooter from './components/TodoFooter.vue'
// 渲染功能:
// 1.提供数据: 提供在公共的父组件 App.vue
// 2.通过父传子,将数据传递给TodoMain
// 3.利用 v-for渲染
// 添加功能:
// 1.手机表单数据 v-model
// 2.监听事件(回车+点击都要添加)
// 3.子传父,讲任务名称传递给父组件 App.vue
// 4.进行添加 unshift(自己的数据自己负责)
// 5.清空文本框输入的内容
// 6.对输入的空数据 进行判断
// 删除功能
// 1.监听事件(监听删除的点击) 携带id
// 2.子传父,讲删除的id传递给父组件的App.vue
// 3.进行删除filter(自己的数据 自己负责)
// 底部合计:父传子 传list 渲染
// 清空功能:子传父 通知父组件 → 父组件进行更新
// 持久化存储:watch深度监视list的变化 -> 往本地存储 ->进入页面优先读取本地数据
export default {
data() {
return {
list: JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('list')) || [
{ id: 1, name: '打篮球' },
{ id: 2, name: '看电影' },
{ id: 3, name: '逛街' },
],
}
},
components: {
TodoHeader,
TodoMain,
TodoFooter,
},
watch: {
list: {
deep: true,
handler(newVal) {
localStorage.setItem('list', JSON.stringify(newVal))
},
},
},
methods: {
handleAdd(todoName) {
// console.log(todoName)
this.list.unshift({
id: +new Date(),
name: todoName,
})
},
handelDel(id) {
// console.log(id);
this.list = this.list.filter((item) => item.id !== id)
},
clear() {
this.list = []
},
},
}
</script>
<style>
html,
body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
body {
background: #fff;
}
button {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
border: 0;
background: none;
font-size: 100%;
vertical-align: baseline;
font-family: inherit;
font-weight: inherit;
color: inherit;
-webkit-appearance: none;
appearance: none;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}
body {
font: 14px 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
line-height: 1.4em;
background: #f5f5f5;
color: #4d4d4d;
min-width: 230px;
max-width: 550px;
margin: 0 auto;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
font-weight: 300;
}
:focus {
outline: 0;
}
.hidden {
display: none;
}
#app {
background: #fff;
margin: 180px 0 40px 0;
padding: 15px;
position: relative;
box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 25px 50px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}
#app .header input {
border: 2px solid rgba(175, 47, 47, 0.8);
border-radius: 10px;
}
#app .add {
position: absolute;
right: 15px;
top: 15px;
height: 68px;
width: 140px;
text-align: center;
background-color: rgba(175, 47, 47, 0.8);
color: #fff;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 18px;
border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0;
}
#app input::-webkit-input-placeholder {
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
color: #e6e6e6;
}
#app input::-moz-placeholder {
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
color: #e6e6e6;
}
#app input::input-placeholder {
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 300;
color: gray;
}
#app h1 {
position: absolute;
top: -120px;
width: 100%;
left: 50%;
transform: translateX(-50%);
font-size: 60px;
font-weight: 100;
text-align: center;
color: rgba(175, 47, 47, 0.8);
-webkit-text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
-moz-text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
}
.new-todo,
.edit {
position: relative;
margin: 0;
width: 100%;
font-size: 24px;
font-family: inherit;
font-weight: inherit;
line-height: 1.4em;
border: 0;
color: inherit;
padding: 6px;
box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 5px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
box-sizing: border-box;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}
.new-todo {
padding: 16px;
border: none;
background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.003);
box-shadow: inset 0 -2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);
}
.main {
position: relative;
z-index: 2;
}
.todo-list {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style: none;
overflow: hidden;
}
.todo-list li {
position: relative;
font-size: 24px;
height: 60px;
box-sizing: border-box;
border-bottom: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
}
.todo-list li:last-child {
border-bottom: none;
}
.todo-list .view .index {
position: absolute;
color: gray;
left: 10px;
top: 20px;
font-size: 22px;
}
.todo-list li .toggle {
text-align: center;
width: 40px;
/* auto, since non-WebKit browsers doesn't support input styling */
height: auto;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
bottom: 0;
margin: auto 0;
border: none; /* Mobile Safari */
-webkit-appearance: none;
appearance: none;
}
.todo-list li .toggle {
opacity: 0;
}
.todo-list li .toggle + label {
/*
Firefox requires `#` to be escaped - https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=922433
IE and Edge requires *everything* to be escaped to render, so we do that instead of just the `#` - https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/platform/issues/7157459/
*/
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%2240%22%20height%3D%2240%22%20viewBox%3D%22-10%20-18%20100%20135%22%3E%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%2250%22%20cy%3D%2250%22%20r%3D%2250%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20stroke%3D%22%23ededed%22%20stroke-width%3D%223%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E');
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: center left;
}
.todo-list li .toggle:checked + label {
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%2240%22%20height%3D%2240%22%20viewBox%3D%22-10%20-18%20100%20135%22%3E%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%2250%22%20cy%3D%2250%22%20r%3D%2250%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20stroke%3D%22%23bddad5%22%20stroke-width%3D%223%22/%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%235dc2af%22%20d%3D%22M72%2025L42%2071%2027%2056l-4%204%2020%2020%2034-52z%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E');
}
.todo-list li label {
word-break: break-all;
padding: 15px 15px 15px 60px;
display: block;
line-height: 1.2;
transition: color 0.4s;
}
.todo-list li.completed label {
color: #d9d9d9;
text-decoration: line-through;
}
.todo-list li .destroy {
display: none;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
right: 10px;
bottom: 0;
width: 40px;
height: 40px;
margin: auto 0;
font-size: 30px;
color: #cc9a9a;
margin-bottom: 11px;
transition: color 0.2s ease-out;
}
.todo-list li .destroy:hover {
color: #af5b5e;
}
.todo-list li .destroy:after {
content: '×';
}
.todo-list li:hover .destroy {
display: block;
}
.todo-list li .edit {
display: none;
}
.todo-list li.editing:last-child {
margin-bottom: -1px;
}
.footer {
color: #777;
padding: 10px 15px;
height: 20px;
text-align: center;
border-top: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
}
.footer:before {
content: '';
position: absolute;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
height: 50px;
overflow: hidden;
box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 8px 0 -3px #f6f6f6,
0 9px 1px -3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 16px 0 -6px #f6f6f6,
0 17px 2px -6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
.todo-count {
float: left;
text-align: left;
}
.todo-count strong {
font-weight: 300;
}
.filters {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
list-style: none;
position: absolute;
right: 0;
left: 0;
}
.filters li {
display: inline;
}
.filters li a {
color: inherit;
margin: 3px;
padding: 3px 7px;
text-decoration: none;
border: 1px solid transparent;
border-radius: 3px;
}
.filters li a:hover {
border-color: rgba(175, 47, 47, 0.1);
}
.filters li a.selected {
border-color: rgba(175, 47, 47, 0.2);
}
.clear-completed,
html .clear-completed:active {
float: right;
position: relative;
line-height: 20px;
text-decoration: none;
cursor: pointer;
}
.clear-completed:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
.info {
margin: 50px auto 0;
color: #bfbfbf;
font-size: 15px;
text-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
text-align: center;
}
.info p {
line-height: 1;
}
.info a {
color: inherit;
text-decoration: none;
font-weight: 400;
}
.info a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
/*
Hack to remove background from Mobile Safari.
Can't use it globally since it destroys checkboxes in Firefox
*/
@media screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 0) {
.toggle-all,
.todo-list li .toggle {
background: none;
}
.todo-list li .toggle {
height: 40px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 430px) {
.footer {
height: 50px;
}
.filters {
bottom: 10px;
}
}
</style>
三.非父子通信(拓展)
(1) event bus 事件总线
作用:非父子组件之间,进行简易消息传递。(复杂场景 → Vuex)
1.创建一个都能访问到的事件总线(空Vue实例) → utils / EventBus . js
import Vue from 'vue'
const Bus = new Vue()
export default Bus
2.A组件(接收方),监听Bus实例的事件
created() {
Bus.$on('sendMsg', (msg) => {
// console.log(msg)
this.msg = msg
})
}
3.B组件(发送方),触发Bus实例的事件
Bus.$emit('sendMsg', '今天天气不错,适合旅游')
(2)provide & inject:跨层级共享数据
1.父组件provide提供数据
export default {
provide() {
return {
// 简单类型 是非响应式的
color: this.color,
// 复杂类型 是响应式的
userInfo: this.userInfo,
}
},
2.子 / 孙组件inject取值使用
export default {
inject: ['color', 'userInfo'],
}
四.v-model
(1)原理:v-model本质上是一个语法糖。例如应用在输入框上,就是value属性和input事件的合写
作用:提供数据的双向绑定
①数据变,视图跟着变:value
②视图变,数据跟着变@input
注意:$event用于在模板中,获取时间的形象
<template>
<div class="app">
<input type="text" v-model="msg1" />
<br />
<!-- v-model的底层其实就是:value和 @input的简写 -->
<input type="text" :value="msg2" @input="msg2 = $event.target.value" />
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
msg1: '',
msg2: '',
}
},
}
</script>
(2)表单类组件封装 & v-model简化代码
1.表单类组件封装 → 实现子组件和父组件数据的双向绑定
①父传子:数据应该是负组件props传递过来的,v-model拆解绑定数据
②子传父:监听输入,子传父传值给父组件修改
父组件:
<BaseSelect :cityId="selectId" @事件名="selectId=$event"></BaseSelect>
子组件:
<select :value="value" @change="selectCity">
props: {
value: String,
},
methods: {
selectCity(e) {
this.$emit('input', e.target.value)
},
},
2.父组件v-model简化代码,实线子组件和父组件数据的双向绑定
①子组件中:props通过value接收,事件触发input
②父组件中:v-model给组件直接绑数据(:value + @input )
父组件:
<BaseSelect :value="selectId" @input="selectId=$event"></BaseSelect>
子组件:
<select :value="value" @change="handleChange">
props: {
value: String,
},
methods: {
handleChange(e) {
this.$emit('input', e.target.value)
},
},
五.sync修饰符
作用:可以实现子组件与父组件数据的双向绑定,简化代码
特点:prop属性名,可以自定义,非固定为value
场景:封装弹框类的基础组件,visible属性true显示false隐藏
<!-- isShow.sync => :isShow="isShow" @update:isShow="isShow=$event" -->
<BaseDialog :isShow.sync="isShow"></BaseDialog>
props: {
isShow: Boolean,
},
methods:{
closeDialog(){
this.$emit('update:isShow',false)
}
六.ref 和 $refs
作用:利用ref和$refs可以用于获取dom元素或组件实例
特点:查找范围 → 当前组件内(更精准稳定)
①获取dom
1.目标标签 - 添加ref属性
<div ref="ChartRef">子组件</div>
2.恰当时机,通过this . $refs . xxx,获取目标标签
mounted() {
// 基于准备好的dom,初始化echarts实例
// document.querySelector 会查找项目中所有的元素
// $refs只会在当前组件查找盒子
// var myChart = echarts.init(document.querySelector('.base-chart-box'))
var myChart = echarts.init(this.$refs.baseChartBox)
// 绘制图表
}
②获取组件
1.目标标签 - 添加ref属性
<BaseForm ref="baseForm">子组件</BaseForm>
2.恰当时机,通过this . $refs . xxx,获取目标标签,就可以调用组件对象里面的方法
this.$refs.baseForm.组件方法()
七.Vue异步更新、$nextTick
1.点击编辑,显示编辑框
2.让编辑框,立即获取焦点