目录

一、helm简介

二、部署helm

1、官网与资源

2、部署helm

（1）安装helm

（2）配置helm命令补齐

三、helm常用操作

（1）查询官方应用中心

（2）管理第三方repo源

（3）helm的使用方法

（4）安装项目前预定义项目选项

四、构建helm中的chart包

1、Helm Chart目录结构

2、构建方法

五、构建helm仓库

1、在harbor仓库中构建一个公开的项目

2、安装helm push插件

（1）在线安装

（2）离线安装

3、上传项目到仓库

（1）添加仓库

（2）上传本地项目

六、helm的版本迭代

1、重新构建新版本项目

2、上传项目到helm仓库中

3、更新应用

4、应用回滚

---

一、helm简介

• Helm是Kubernetes 应用的包管理工具，主要用来管理 Charts，类似Linux系统的yum。

• Helm Chart是用来封装Kubernetes原生应用程序的一系列YAML文件。可以在你部署应用的时候自定义应用程序的一些 Metadata，以便于应用程序的分发。

• 对于应用发布者而言

  • 通过Helm打包应用、管理应用依赖关系、管理应用版本并发布应用到软件仓库。

• 对于使用者而言

  • 使用Helm后可以以简单的方式在Kubernetes上查找、安装、升级、回滚、卸载应用程序

二、部署helm

1、官网与资源

官网： Helm | 快速入门指南

软件资源： Releases · helm/helm · GitHub

2、部署helm

（1）安装helm

[root@k8s-master ~]# mkdir helm
[root@k8s-master ~]# cd helm/
[root@k8s-master helm]# tar zxf helm-v3.15.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz 
[root@k8s-master helm]# ls
helm-v3.15.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz  linux-amd64
[root@k8s-master helm]# cd linux-amd64/
[root@k8s-master linux-amd64]# ls
helm  LICENSE  README.md
[root@k8s-master linux-amd64]# cp -p helm /usr/local/bin/
cp: overwrite '/usr/local/bin/helm'? y

（2）配置helm命令补齐

[root@k8s-master linux-amd64]# echo "source <(helm completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc
[root@k8s-master linux-amd64]# source ~/.bashrc
[root@k8s-master linux-amd64]# helm version
version.BuildInfo{Version:"v3.15.4", GitCommit:"fa9efb07d9d8debbb4306d72af76a383895aa8c4", GitTreeState:"clean", GoVersion:"go1.22.6"}

三、helm常用操作

命令	描述
create	创建一个 chart 并指定名字
dependency	管理 chart 依赖
get	下载一个 release。可用子命令：all、hooks、manifest、notes、values
history	获取 release 历史
install	安装一个 chart
list	列出 release
package	将 chart 目录打包到 chart 存档文件中
pull	从远程仓库中下载 chart 并解压到本地 # helm pull stable/mysql -- untar
repo	添加，列出，移除，更新和索引 chart 仓库。可用子命令：add、index、 list、remove、update
rollback	从之前版本回滚
search	根据关键字搜索 chart。可用子命令：hub、repo
show	查看 chart 详细信息。可用子命令：all、chart、readme、values
status	显示已命名版本的状态
template	本地呈现模板
uninstall	卸载一个 release
upgrade	更新一个 release
version	查看 helm 客户端版本

（1）查询官方应用中心

[root@k8s-master helm]# helm search  hub nginx		#在官方仓库中搜索
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm  search  repo  nginx	#在本地仓库中搜索

（2）管理第三方repo源

• 阿里云仓库：https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts

• bitnami仓库： https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami

• 微软仓库：Index of /kubernetes/charts/

• 官方仓库： https://hub.kubeapps.com/charts/incubator

#添加阿里云仓库
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm repo  add aliyun https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts
"aliyun" has been added to your repositories

#添加bitnami仓库
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm repo add bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami
"bitnami" has been added to your repositories

#查看仓库信息
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm repo list
NAME    URL
aliyun  https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts
bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami

#查看仓库存储helm清单
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm search repo  aliyun
NAME                            CHART VERSION   APP VERSION     DESCRIPTION         #应用名称						  封装版本			软件版本          软件描述                   
aliyun/acs-engine-autoscaler    2.1.3           2.1.1           Scales worker nodes within agent pools           
aliyun/aerospike                0.1.7           v3.14.1.2       A Helm chart for Aerospike in Kubernetes 

#删除第三方存储库
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm repo list
NAME    URL
aliyun  https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts
bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami

[root@k8s-master helm]# helm repo remove aliyun
"aliyun" has been removed from your repositories
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm repo list
NAME    URL
bitnami https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami

（3）helm的使用方法

# 1、查找chart
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm search repo nginx

# 2、查看chart信息
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm show chart bitnami/nginx

# 3.安装chart包
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm install zx bitnami/nginx
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm list
NAME	NAMESPACE	REVISION	UPDATED                                	STATUS  	CHART        	APP VERSION
zx  	default  	1       	2024-09-20 11:17:39.302881065 +0800 CST	deployed	nginx-18.1.15	1.27.1     
[root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl get pods
NAME                        READY   STATUS                  RESTARTS   AGE
zx-nginx-77f58d964f-9s4cl   0/1     Init:ImagePullBackOff   0          81s

#查看项目的发布状态
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm status zx
NAME: zx
LAST DEPLOYED: Fri Sep 20 11:17:39 2024
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
CHART NAME: nginx
CHART VERSION: 18.1.15
APP VERSION: 1.27.1

#卸载项目
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm uninstall zx
release "zx" uninstalled
[root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl get pods
No resources found in default namespace.
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm list
NAME	NAMESPACE	REVISION	UPDATED	STATUS	CHART	APP VERSION

（4）安装项目前预定义项目选项

#拉取项目
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm pull bitnami/nginx
[root@k8s-master helm]# ls
helm-v3.15.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz  linux-amd64
[root@k8s-master helm]# 
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm pull bitnami/nginx
[root@k8s-master helm]# ls
helm-v3.15.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz  linux-amd64  nginx-18.1.15.tgz
[root@k8s-master helm]# tar zxf nginx-18.1.15.tgz 
[root@k8s-master helm]# ls
helm-v3.15.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz  linux-amd64  nginx  nginx-18.1.15.tgz
[root@k8s-master helm]# cd nginx/
[root@k8s-master nginx]# ls
Chart.lock  charts  Chart.yaml  README.md  templates  values.schema.json  values.yaml
[root@k8s-master nginx]# ls templates/        #项目模板
deployment.yaml      hpa.yaml                 NOTES.txt                    serviceaccount.yaml
extra-list.yaml      ingress-tls-secret.yaml  pdb.yaml                     servicemonitor.yaml
health-ingress.yaml  ingress.yaml             prometheusrules.yaml         svc.yaml
_helpers.tpl         networkpolicy.yaml       server-block-configmap.yaml  tls-secret.yaml

[root@k8s-master nginx]# vim values.yaml     #项目变量文件

#上传项目所需要镜像到仓库
[root@k8s-master helm]# docker load -i nginx-1.27.1-debian-12-r2.tar 
[root@k8s-master helm]# docker tag bitnami/nginx:1.27.1-debian-12-r2 reg.zx.org/bitnami/nginx:1.27.1-debian-12-r2

[root@k8s-master helm]# docker push reg.zx.org/bitnami/nginx:1.27.1-debian-12-r2

#安装本地项目
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm upgrade zx /root/helm/nginx --set image.tag=1.27.1-debian-12-r2
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm install zx /root/helm/nginx
[root@k8s-master nginx]# kubectl get pods
NAME                        READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
zx-nginx-6c7ffc66f7-26lpp   1/1     Running   0          40s
[root@k8s-master nginx]# kubectl get svc
NAME         TYPE           CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP     PORT(S)                      AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP      10.96.0.1      <none>          443/TCP                      4d1h
myapp1       ClusterIP      10.99.26.240   <none>          80/TCP                       3d3h
zx-nginx     LoadBalancer   10.97.55.101   172.25.254.50   80:32536/TCP,443:32763/TCP   105s

#更新项目
[root@k8s-master nginx]# vim values.yaml 
623   type: ClusterIP
761   hostname: myapp.zx.org
781   ingressClassName: "nginx"

[root@k8s-master nginx]# helm upgrade zx .
[root@k8s-master nginx]# kubectl get svc
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)          AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1       <none>        443/TCP          4d1h
myapp1       ClusterIP   10.99.26.240    <none>        80/TCP           3d3h
zx-nginx     ClusterIP   10.102.14.124   <none>        80/TCP,443/TCP   13m
[root@k8s-master nginx]# curl 10.102.14.124
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
html { color-scheme: light dark; }
body { width: 35em; margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

#查看历史
[root@k8s-master nginx]# helm history zx
#删除项目
[root@k8s-master nginx]# helm  uninstall zx

四、构建helm中的chart包

1、Helm Chart目录结构

# 建立chart项目
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm create zx
Creating zx
[root@k8s-master helm]# tree zx/
zx/
├── charts                            #目录里存放这个chart依赖的所有子chart。
├── Chart.yaml                        #用于描述这个 Chart 的基本信息，包括名字、描述信息以及版本等。
├── templates                         #目录里面存放所有 yaml 模板文件。
│   ├── deployment.yaml               
│   ├── _helpers.tpl                  #放置模板助手的地方，可以在整个 chart 中重复使用
│   ├── hpa.yaml
│   ├── ingress.yaml
│   ├── NOTES.txt
│   ├── serviceaccount.yaml
│   ├── service.yaml
│   └── tests
│       └── test-connection.yaml
└── values.yaml                        #用于存储 templates 目录中模板文件中用到变量的值

3 directories, 10 files

2、构建方法

[root@k8s-master helm]# cd zx/
[root@k8s-master zx]# vim Chart.yaml 
apiVersion: v2
name: zx
description: A Helm chart for Kubernetes
type: application
version: 0.1.0				#项目版本
appVersion: "v1"			#软件版本

[root@k8s-master zx]# vim values.yaml 
image:
  repository: reg.zx.org/library/myapp
  pullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  tag: "v1"
ingress:
  enabled: true
  className: "nginx"
  annotations: {}
    # kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
    # kubernetes.io/tls-acme: "true"
  hosts:
    - host: www.zx.org
      paths:
        - path: /
          pathType: ImplementationSpecific

#语法检测
[root@k8s-master zx]# helm lint .
==> Linting .
[INFO] Chart.yaml: icon is recommended

1 chart(s) linted, 0 chart(s) failed

#项目打包
[root@k8s-master zx]# cd ..
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm package zx/
Successfully packaged chart and saved it to: /root/helm/zx-0.1.0.tgz
[root@k8s-master helm]# ls
#项目可以通过各种分享方式发方为任何人后部署即可
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm install zx zx-0.1.0.tgz 
NAME: zx
LAST DEPLOYED: Fri Sep 20 12:43:20 2024
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:
1. Get the application URL by running these commands:
  http://www.zx.org/

[root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl get pods
NAME                  READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
zx-69745f4966-fq79r   1/1     Running   0          7s
[root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl get  ingress
NAME    CLASS   HOSTS              ADDRESS         PORTS     AGE
myapp   nginx   myapp-tls.zx.org   172.25.254.10   80, 443   3d23h
zx      nginx   www.zx.org         172.25.254.10   80        72s
[root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl get  svc
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1        <none>        443/TCP   4d2h
myapp1       ClusterIP   10.99.26.240     <none>        80/TCP    3d4h
zx           ClusterIP   10.100.153.131   <none>        80/TCP    4m11s
[root@k8s-master helm]# curl 10.100.153.131
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>

五、构建helm仓库

1、在harbor仓库中构建一个公开的项目

2、安装helm push插件

官方网址：GitHub - chartmuseum/helm-push: Helm plugin to push chart package to ChartMuseum

（1）在线安装

[root@k8s-master helm]# dnf install git -y
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm plugin install https://github.com/chartmuseum/helm-push

（2）离线安装

#创建helm plugin的存放目录
[root@k8s-master helm]# mkdir  ~/.local/share/helm/plugins/helm-push -p

#解压push插件包到指定目录
[root@k8s-master helm]# tar zxf helm-push_0.10.4_linux_amd64.tar.gz -C ~/.local/share/helm/plugins/helm-push
[root@k8s-master helm]# ls ~/.local/share/helm/plugins/helm-push
acceptance_tests  BUILDING.md  go.mod  LICENSE   pkg          README.md  scripts
bin               cmd          go.sum  Makefile  plugin.yaml  releases   testdata

#查看helm调用命令是否成功
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm cm-push --help
Helm plugin to push chart package to ChartMuseum

3、上传项目到仓库

（1）添加仓库

[root@k8s-master helm]# helm repo add zx-new https://reg.zx.org/chartrepo/zx-new
"zx-new" has been added to your repositories

#添加仓库时报错，因为用的是加密访问，需添加证书
#为helm添加证书
[root@k8s-master helm]# cp /etc/docker/certs.d/reg.zx.org/ca.crt /etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors/
#更新本地ca认证库
[root@k8s-master helm]# update-ca-trust

（2）上传本地项目

#命令执行格式
helm cm-push <项目名称> <仓库名称> -u admin -p 123

[root@k8s-master helm]# helm cm-push zx-0.1.0.tgz zx-new -u admin -p123
Pushing zx-0.1.0.tgz to zx-new...
Done.
#查看项目上传情况
#上传后数据未更新
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm search repo zx-new
No results found
#更新仓库
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm repo update zx-new
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "zx-new" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈
#再次查看
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm search repo zx-new
NAME     	CHART VERSION	APP VERSION	DESCRIPTION                
zx-new/zx	0.1.0        	v1         	A Helm chart for Kubernetes
#安装项目
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm install zx zx-new/zx
NAME: zx
LAST DEPLOYED: Fri Sep 20 13:11:11 2024
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:
1. Get the application URL by running these commands:
  http://www.zx.org/

[root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME                  READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP               NODE               NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
zx-69745f4966-zw7tm   1/1     Running   0          5s    10.244.101.132   k8s-node1.zx.org   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master helm]# curl 10.244.101.132
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>

六、helm的版本迭代

1、重新构建新版本项目

[root@k8s-master helm]# vim zx/Chart.yaml 
version: 0.2.0
appVersion: "v2"

[root@k8s-master helm]# vim zx/values.yaml 
tag: "v2"

[root@k8s-master helm]# helm package zx/
Successfully packaged chart and saved it to: /root/helm/zx-0.2.0.tgz

2、上传项目到helm仓库中

[root@k8s-master helm]# helm cm-push zx-0.2.0.tgz zx-new -u admin -p 123
Pushing zx-0.2.0.tgz to zx-new...
Done.
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm repo update zx-new
Hang tight while we grab the latest from your chart repositories...
...Successfully got an update from the "zx-new" chart repository
Update Complete. ⎈Happy Helming!⎈
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm search repo zx-new -l
NAME     	CHART VERSION	APP VERSION	DESCRIPTION                
zx-new/zx	0.2.0        	v2         	A Helm chart for Kubernetes
zx-new/zx	0.1.0        	v1         	A Helm chart for Kubernetes

3、更新应用

[root@k8s-master helm]# helm upgrade zx zx-new/zx
Release "zx" has been upgraded. Happy Helming!
NAME: zx
LAST DEPLOYED: Fri Sep 20 13:19:42 2024
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 2
NOTES:
1. Get the application URL by running these commands:
  http://www.zx.org/
[root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME                  READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP               NODE               NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
zx-568f564d69-m7vgn   1/1     Running   0          35s   10.244.101.133   k8s-node1.zx.org   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master helm]# curl 10.244.101.133 
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>

[root@k8s-master helm]# helm  history  zx
REVISION	UPDATED                 	STATUS    	CHART   	APP VERSION	DESCRIPTION     
1       	Fri Sep 20 13:13:28 2024	superseded	zx-0.1.0	v1         	Install complete
2       	Fri Sep 20 13:19:42 2024	deployed  	zx-0.2.0	v2         	Upgrade complete

4、应用回滚

[root@k8s-master helm]# helm rollback zx
Rollback was a success! Happy Helming!
[root@k8s-master helm]# helm  history  zx
REVISION	UPDATED                 	STATUS    	CHART   	APP VERSION	DESCRIPTION     
1       	Fri Sep 20 13:13:28 2024	superseded	zx-0.1.0	v1         	Install complete
2       	Fri Sep 20 13:19:42 2024	superseded	zx-0.2.0	v2         	Upgrade complete
3       	Fri Sep 20 13:21:40 2024	deployed  	zx-0.1.0	v1         	Rollback to 1   
[root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME                  READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP               NODE               NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
zx-69745f4966-44n5m   1/1     Running   0          14s   10.244.101.134   k8s-node1.zx.org   <none>           <none>
[root@k8s-master helm]# curl 10.244.101.134
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>