Section A Internet 互联网

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide.

互联网是一个全球性的互连计算机网络系统，使用标准的互联网协议套件（TCP/IP）连接全球数十亿设备。

It is an international network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government packet switched networks, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

它是一个国际性的网络网络，由数以百万计的私人、公共、学术、商业和政府分组交换网络组成，通过各种电子、无线和光网络技术连接。

The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony.

互联网承载了广泛的信息资源和服务，如万维网（WWW）的互链接超文本文档和应用程序、支持电子邮件的基础设施，以及用于文件共享和电话的点对点网络。

1.History - 历史

词汇

suit        n组件

academic        n学术

packet - 包；分组

packet switched - 分组交换

hypertext - 超文本

World Wide Web（WWW） - 万维网

Sputnik        n（苏联）人造卫星

ARPA started funding the design of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPAnet) for the United States Department of Defense. ARPAnet, which only four computers connected, was officially launched in 1969. This was the predecessor to the Internet.
ARPA开始为美国国防部设计高级研究计划署网络（ARPAnet）提供资金。1969年，仅连接了四台计算机的ARPAnet正式启动。这是互联网的前身。

By the 1970s, ARPAnet had dozens of computer networks, but each network could only communicate with other computers inside the network. Different computer networks were still unable to communicate with each other. 到了1970年代，ARPAnet拥有数十个计算机网络，但每个网络只能与网络内的其他计算机通信。不同的计算机网络仍然无法相互通信。

In 1974, protocols were developed to connect packet networks, including TCP/IP proposed by Vinton Cerf and Bob Braden. ARPA accepted TCP/IP in 1982 and chose the Internet as the primary computer communication system. 1974年，开发了连接分组网络的协议，包括由Vinton Cerf和Bob Braden提出的TCP/IP。1982年，ARPA接受了TCP/IP，并选择互联网作为主要的计算机通信系统。

2.Development - 发展

词汇

backbone        n骨干

Mosaic         n浏览器名

Netscape        n美国网景公司

Navigator        n浏览器名（领航员）

NSFnet: as the backbone of the Internet 1986 - NSFnet：作为互联网的骨干网 1986年 the first web browser 1989 - 第一个网页浏览器 1989年 ANSnet: Internet began to commercialize 1992 - ANSnet：互联网开始商业化 1992年 Navigator: the first browser on the Internet 1993 - Navigator：互联网上的第一个浏览器 1993年

3.Protocol - 协议

词汇

rigorous         a严密的

application layer        应用层

transport layer         运输层

Internet layer        网际层

network access layer        网络接口层

supercomputer - 超级计算机

server - 服务器

client - 客户端

browser - 浏览器

host - 主机

IP（Internet Protocol） - 网际协议

While the Internet’s hardware can often be used to support other software systems, it is the design and the standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success. 互联网的硬件通常可以用来支持其他软件系统，但是软件架构的设计和标准化过程才是互联网的特点，并为其可扩展性和成功提供了基础。

The IETF conducts standard-setting work group, open to any individual, about the various aspects of Internet architecture. Resulting discussions and standards are published in a series of publications, each called a Request for Comments (RFC), on the IETF web site. IETF进行开放给任何个人的标准制定工作组，关于互联网架构的各个方面。由此产生的讨论和标准被发布在一系列出版物中，每份出版物都被称为请求评议（RFC），发布在IETF网站上。

The Internet standards describe a framework known as the Internet protocol suite. This is a model architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols, originally documented in RFC 1122 and RFC 1123. The layers correspond to the environment or scope in which their services operate. 互联网标准描述了一个框架，称为互联网协议套件。这是一个将方法划分为分层协议系统的模型架构，最初记录在RFC 1122和RFC 1123中。这些层次对应于它们的服务运作的环境或范围。

4.Application - 应用

词汇

blogging        n博客

Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet. 包括电话、音乐、电影和电视在内的大多数传统通信媒体正被互联网重塑或重新定义。

Newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds. 报纸、书籍和其他印刷出版正在适应网站技术，或者被改造成博客和网络订阅。

The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. 互联网通过即时消息、互联网论坛和社交网络，使得并加速了新的人际互动形式。

5.Internet Plus - 互联网+

词汇

unveiled        a公布于众的

the State Council        国务院

livelihood        n民生，生计

Internet Plus is the integration of the Internet and traditional industries through online platforms and IT technology, it is expected to help economic restructuring, improve people’s livelihoods and transform of government functions. The “Internet Plus” action plan change our life in all different parts. 互联网+是通过在线平台和IT技术将互联网与传统产业融合，预计这将有助于经济结构调整、改善民生和转变政府职能。"互联网+"行动计划将在各个方面改变我们的生活。

Internet plus transportation, agriculture, city management, industrial monitoring, medical, environmental monitoring, etc., and they provide us with challenge and opportunity and we need make good use of it. 互联网+交通、农业、城市管理、工业监测、医疗、环境监测等，它们为我们提供了挑战和机遇，我们需要好好利用它。

练习A1（知识点填空）

1. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. 互联网是一个全球性的互连计算机网络系统。

2. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web（WWW）, the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony.
   互联网提供广泛的信息资源和服务，例如互联的超文本文件和万维网(WWW)的应用程序、支持电子邮件的基础设施，以及用于文件共享和电话的对等网络。

3. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States government in the 1960s.
   互联网的起源可以追溯到美国政府在20世纪60年代委托的研究。

4. The principal methods of networking that enable the Internet are contained in specially designated RFCs that constitute the Internet Standards.
   实现互联网的主要网络方法包含在特别指定的RFCs（请求评议）中，它们构成了互联网标准。

5. The internet layer enables computers to identify and locate each other via internet protocol（IP） addresses, and routes their traffic via intermediate (transit) networks. 互联网层使计算机能够通过IP地址识别和定位彼此，并通过中间（传输）网络路由它们的流量。

6. MOOC provides students a profusion of courses all around the world for free.
   MOOC(Massive Open Online Courses)网络公开课为学生免费提供了世界各地丰富的课程。

练习A2（词汇翻译）

• TCP/IP - 传输控制协议/网际协议
• protocol suite - 协议套件
• World Wide Web (www) - 万维网
• hypertext - 超文本
• packet switched network - 分组交换网络
• peer-to-peer network - 对等网络
• IETF - 互联网工程任务组（Internet Engineering Task Force）
• RFC - 请求评议（Request for Comments）
• host - 主机
• Internet Protocol (IP) - 网际协议
• VoIP - 网络电话（Voice over Internet Protocol）
• web site - 网站
• IPTV - 网络电视（Internet Protocol Television）
• business-to-business - 企业对企业（B2B）
• MOOC - 慕课（Massive Open Online Course，大规模开放在线课程）

Section B 5G

词汇

spectral         a光谱的

traffic        n流量

EU(European Union)        欧盟

euro        n欧元

commercialization         n商业化，商品化

antenna         n天线

ultra-dense        超高密度

peak rate        峰值速率

latency        n延迟，时延

negligible         a微不足道的

aggregate        v聚合，聚集

RAN(Radio Access Network)        无线接入网络

proliferate        v激增

CN（Core Network）        核心网络

decouple        v使分离

ONF(Open Networking Foundation)        开放网络基金会

NFV（network function virtualization）        网络功能虚拟化

interwoven        v交织

patent        n专利

escort         v保驾护航

练习B1（知识点填空）

1. 5G is a new generation of mobile communication systems.
   5G 是新一代的移动通信系统。

2. Back in 2009, Huawei has launched the early research related technologies, and to show the prototype of the 5G base in later years.
   早在2009年，华为就已经推出了早期的研究相关技术，并在以后展示了5g 基础的原型。

3. Huawei predicted that users will enjoy 20Gb/s commercial 5G mobile networks in 2020.
   华为预计，到2020年，用户将享受20gb/s 的商用5g 移动网络。

4. China IMT-2020 (5G) group released the White Paper, among them, the flag indicators "Gb/s rate user experience" is a set of key technologies, including large-scale antenna array, ultra-dense networking, new modulation access, and new network architectures.
   中国 IMT-2020(5G)集团公布了白皮书，其中，“Gb/s 速率用户体验”标志指标是一套关键技术，包括大型天线阵列、超密集网络、新型调制接入、新型网络体系结构。

5. Two emerging challenges, very low latency and very low energy, cost and massive number of devices, are associated with the application of wireless communications to new areas.
   两个新兴的挑战，非常低的延迟和非常低的能源，成本和大量的设备，是与应用无线通信到新的领域。

6. The trend is to decouple hardware from software and move the network functions towards the latter one.
   趋势是将硬件与软件解耦，并将网络功能向后者移动。

7. China will actively participate in the development of 5G standards, which will help China to further enhance the patent position in international communication standards.
   中国将积极参与5G标准的制定，这将有助于中国在国际通信标准中进一步加强专利地位。

练习B2（词汇翻译）

• 5G - 五代移动通信技术（第五代移动通信技术）
• high spectral efficiency - 高频谱效率
• low power consumption - 低功耗
• transfer rate - 传输速率
• wireless coverage performance - 无线覆盖性能
• user experience - 用户体验
• low latency - 低延迟
• SDN（Software Defined Networking） - 软件定义网络
• the White Paper - 白皮书
• ultra-dense - 超密集
• peak rate - 高峰期