53 initrd/initramfs 相关

前言

呵呵这里主要是探究一下根文件系统相关的东西

以及附加了一些系统启动的相关信息

计算机启动

硬件重置寄存器设置初始化数据

计算机访问 0xffff0, 执行 bios 的代码, bios 选择启动设备, 然后执行启动设备 boolloader 的代码

bootloader 将 boot.img 加载至 0x7c00 的位置启动

之后 bootloader 将执行操作系统入口, start_cpu

内核启动的时候创建了两个进程, 一个执行 kernel_init, 一个执行 kthreadd

kernel_init 中执行了 init 进程

kthreadd 中执行了 kthreadd 进程

解压根文件系统

解压了两个东西, 一个是 initramfs 相关 134 字节

里面包含了 dev, dev/console, root

另外一个是 initrd 相关, 是指定的 initrd 文件的大小, 这里是 37544191[initrd文件本身大小一致]

这里面解压了 initrd 所有文件, 用作初始化根文件系统

主要是创建对应的文件, 文件夹, 拷贝对应的文件

free 掉 initrd 占用的内存

然后后面是执行 /init

我们这里的 init 脚本的内容

创建相关系统文件夹, 挂载文件系统

加载必要的驱动

将 initrd 文件系统的东西移动到

最终调用 /sbin/init 来启动系统

initrd 文件探索

mkinitramfs -o 创建的根文件系统文件, 里面包含了图形相关驱动, 因此大很多

Image: ramdisk.img: 309M
========================================================================
Version:

Arguments:
dracut modules:
========================================================================
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root            0 Dec 31  2021 etc/fstab
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/[
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/[[
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/acpid
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/ash
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/awk
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/basename
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/blockdev
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/busybox
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/cat
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/chmod
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/chroot
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/chvt
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/clear
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/cmp
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/cp
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/cut
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/deallocvt
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/devmem
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/df
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/dnsdomainname
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/du
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/dumpkmap
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/echo
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/egrep
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/env
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/expr
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/false
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/fbset
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/fdflush
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/fgrep
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/find
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/fstrim
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/grep
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/gunzip
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/gzip
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/hostname
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/hwclock
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/ifconfig
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/ip
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/kill
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/loadfont
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/loadkmap
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/ls
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/lzop
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/lzopcat
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mkdir
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mkfifo
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mknod
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mkswap
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mktemp
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/modinfo
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/more
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mount
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mv
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/openvt
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/pidof
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/printf
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/ps
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/pwd
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/readlink
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/reset
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/rm
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/rmdir
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/sed
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/seq
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/setkeycodes
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/sh
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/sleep
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/sort
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/stat
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/static-sh
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/stty
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/switch_root
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/sync
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/tail
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/tee
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/test
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/touch
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/tr
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/true
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/tty
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/umount
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/uname
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/uniq
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/unlzop
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/wc
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/wget
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/which
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/yes
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/zcat
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 etc/dhcp/dhclient-enter-hooks.d
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 usr/share/plymouth/themes/details
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 usr/share/plymouth/themes/ubuntu-text
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec 24  2021 etc/ld.so.conf.d
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec 31  2021 bin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec 31  2021 conf/conf.d
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec 31  2021 etc/console-setup
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec 31  2021 etc/default
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec 31  2021 etc/modprobe.d
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec 31  2021 etc/plymouth
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec 31  2021 etc/udev
// 省略掉一部分文件 
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root      1868984 Apr 21  2021 lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      1911622 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/fjes/fjes.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      1937280 Jan  9  2017 lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdns-export.so.162.1.3
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      1953150 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/block/aoe/aoe.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      1963198 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/qlogic/qlge/qlge.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2064558 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/fs/fscache/fscache.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2096358 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/usb-storage.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2127494 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/neterion/vxge/vxge.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2163782 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/ast/ast.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2208294 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/aic7xxx/aic79xx.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2220214 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/e1000/e1000.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2226030 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/be2iscsi/be2iscsi.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2280254 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/fs/nfs/nfsv3.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2322910 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/samsung/sxgbe/samsung-sxgbe.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2329502 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/aic7xxx/aic7xxx.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2339726 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/emulex/benet/be2net.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2370046 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/pm8001/pm80xx.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2373734 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/sound/core/snd-pcm.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2391150 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/qlogic/netxen/netxen_nic.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2400974 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnxt/bnxt_en.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2429414 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/udl/udl.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2520294 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/sound/core/snd.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2571190 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/dec/tulip/tulip.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2596622 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/ssb/ssb.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2606998 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/i40evf/i40evf.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2810358 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2833302 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/fs/udf/udf.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2884766 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/input/mouse/psmouse.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2902662 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/bnx2fc/bnx2fc.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2913702 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/libfc/libfc.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2945990 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/lib/raid6/raid6_pq.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3072766 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/aacraid/aacraid.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3089214 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/net/ieee802154/ieee802154.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3102126 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/esas2r/esas2r.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3168206 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/mpt3sas/mpt3sas.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3339046 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/chelsio/cxgb/cxgb.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3366510 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/net/mac802154/mac802154.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3449606 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/csiostor/csiostor.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3516166 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/aic94xx/aic94xx.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3537758 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/libsas/libsas.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3575646 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/amdkfd.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3803166 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/snic/snic.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3811030 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_kms_helper.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      3944294 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/virtio/virtio-gpu.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4211614 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/chelsio/cxgb3/cxgb3.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4221342 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/fm10k/fm10k.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4274574 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/cisco/enic/enic.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4281726 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/igb/igb.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4286070 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/sound/soc/snd-soc-core.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4294646 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/brocade/bna/bna.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4380598 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/fnic/fnic.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4529422 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/qxl/qxl.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4561774 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/isci/isci.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4659214 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx4/mlx4_en.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4739982 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/e1000e/e1000e.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      4783902 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/fs/jfs/jfs.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      5413334 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/fs/reiserfs/reiserfs.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      5497686 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/cavium/liquidio/liquidio.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      5580486 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/fddi/skfp/skfp.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      5593046 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/target/target_core_mod.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      5625526 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/net/ceph/libceph.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      5626446 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/stmicro/stmmac/stmmac.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      5749342 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/fs/lockd/lockd.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      5834078 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/chelsio/cxgb4/cxgb4.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      6194926 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/qla4xxx/qla4xxx.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      6669286 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/block/drbd/drbd.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      6727254 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/qlogic/qlcnic/qlcnic.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      7094022 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/bnx2x/bnx2x.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      7442590 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/qlogic/qed/qed.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      7607974 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/i40e/i40e.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      8019214 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx4/mlx4_core.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      8272766 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/lpfc/lpfc.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      8427726 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/bfa/bfa.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      8602718 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/sfc/sfc.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      8784726 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/ixgbe/ixgbe.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      9169790 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/scsi/qla2xxx/qla2xxx.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      9568766 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/fs/nfs/nfs.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      9978446 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/vmwgfx/vmwgfx.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     10554998 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/net/sunrpc/sunrpc.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     10684958 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/gma500/gma500_gfx.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     12111038 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/fs/nfs/nfsv4.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     12958726 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/drm.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     18600462 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/fs/btrfs/btrfs.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     19456718 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/mlx5_core.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     31907350 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/fs/xfs/xfs.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     35038694 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     40909710 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     42626574 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root     128612614 Dec 31  2021 lib/modules/4.10.14/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau.ko
========================================================================

无图形界面的服务器本身的 initrd

Image: /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-62-generic: 33M
========================================================================
Version: 

Arguments: 
dracut modules:
========================================================================
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 etc/fstab
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/[
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/[[
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/acpid
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/ash
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/awk
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/basename
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/blockdev
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/busybox
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/cat
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/chmod
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/chroot
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/chvt
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/clear
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/cmp
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/cp
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/cut
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/deallocvt
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/devmem
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/df
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/dnsdomainname
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/du
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/dumpkmap
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/echo
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/egrep
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/env
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/expr
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/false
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/fbset
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/fdflush
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/fgrep
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/find
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/fstrim
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/grep
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/gunzip
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/gzip
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/hostname
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/hwclock
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/ifconfig
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/ip
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/kill
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/loadfont
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/loadkmap
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/ls
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/lzop
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/lzopcat
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mkdir
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mkfifo
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mknod
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mkswap
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mktemp
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/modinfo
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/more
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mount
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/mv
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/openvt
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/pidof
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/printf
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/ps
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/pwd
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/readlink
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/reset
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/rm
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/rmdir
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/sed
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/seq
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/setkeycodes
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/sh
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/sleep
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/sort
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/stat
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/static-sh
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/stty
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/switch_root
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/sync
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/tail
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/tee
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/test
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/touch
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/tr
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/true
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/tty
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/umount
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/uname
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/uniq
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/unlzop
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/wc
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/wget
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/which
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/yes
-rwxr-xr-x  91 root     root            0 Aug 19  2015 bin/zcat
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 bin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 conf/conf.d
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 etc/console-setup
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 etc/default
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 etc/dhcp/dhclient-enter-hooks.d
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 etc/ld.so.conf.d
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 etc/modprobe.d
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 etc/plymouth
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Dec  6  2020 etc/udev
// 省略掉一部分文件 
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root      1864888 Nov 16  2016 lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      1937280 Jan  9  2017 lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdns-export.so.162.1.3
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      1970886 Jan 18  2017 lib/modules/4.4.0-62-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2113854 Jan 18  2017 lib/modules/4.4.0-62-generic/kernel/ubuntu/i915/i915_bpo.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2352054 Jan 18  2017 lib/modules/4.4.0-62-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau.ko
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root      2412942 Jan 18  2017 lib/modules/4.4.0-62-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/radeon/radeon.ko
========================================================================

完