安全技能讲座 - 便携式灭火器 (Portable Fire Extinguishers )

【Transcript 】

火灾随时随地都可能发生，而且毫无征兆。如果您在家中或工作中遇到火灾，便携式灭火器可以帮助您保护自己，并有可能将火灾扼杀在摇篮中。本课程将向您介绍便携式灭火器、其工作原理和使用方法。成功完成本课程后，您应该能够识别便携式灭火器的用途，以及何时和如何使用灭火器。

Fires can happen any time, anywhere without warning. If you encounter a fire at home or on the job, a portable fire extinguisher can help you protect yourself and possibly stop the fire in its tracks. This course will introduce you to portable fire extinguishers, how they work and how to use them. When you have successfully completed this course, you should be able to recognize the uses of a portable fire extinguisherand when and how to use one.

第 1 课：手提式灭火器的用途

Lesson 1: Uses of Portable Fire Extinguishers.

便携式灭火器有两个主要用途，了解其中的区别非常重要。便携式灭火器的第一个也是最重要的一个用途是帮助人们逃离火场。便携式灭火器可用于暂时清除逃生路线上的火源，或帮助出口多保持一会儿畅通。所有人都应熟悉手提式灭火器的功能，并了解工作场所中灭火器的位置。这有助于确保在火灾紧急情况下安全疏散。

Portable fire extinguishers have two primary purposes, and it is very important that you understand the difference. The first and most important purpose of a portable fire extinguisher is to help people escape a fire. Portable fire extinguishers can be used to temporarily clear fire away from your escape route, or help keep an exit open a little while longer. All people should be familiar with how portable fire extinguishers function, and should know the location of fire extinguishers in the workplace. This can help ensure safe evacuation during a fire emergency.

便携式灭火器的第二个用途是完全灭火。这是一项难度更大的任务，需要经过培训才能安全完成。正如我们将要讨论的那样，手提式灭火器有其局限性，它们根本无法扑灭大火。许多雇主根本不希望他们的员工在工作场所灭火。工作场所中的灭火器可能只是用来保护逃生通道的，即使是小火，雇主也可能希望你撤离。本培训课程将帮助您在火灾中使用便携式灭火器保护自己，但并不授权您灭火。如果您的雇主不希望您在工作场所使用灭火器扑救小火，他们会为您提供额外的实际操作培训，并告知您在火灾紧急情况下的职责。

The second purpose of a portable fire extinguisher is to fully extinguish fires. This is a much harder task and it requires training to do safely. Portable fire extinguishers have limitations, as we will discuss, and they are simply not capable of extinguishing large fires. Many employers do not want their employees fighting fires in the workplace at all. The extinguishers in your workplace may be intended only for protecting escape routes, and your employer may wish you to evacuate during even a small fire. This training course will prepare you to use a portable fire extinguisher to protect yourself during a fire, but does not authorize you to fight fires. If your employer does not want you to use fire extinguishers to fight small fires in your workplace, they will provide you with additional hands on training and inform you of your role during a fire emergency.

火灾根据燃烧的燃料类型进行分类。A 类火灾燃烧的是木材、纸张、布料、橡胶和塑料等常见固体燃料。B 类火灾燃烧易燃液体燃料，如油、汽油、油漆和溶剂。C 类火灾是电气火灾。它们可能使用与 A 类或 B 类火灾相同的燃料，但也包括通电的电气设备，并且必须使用非水基物质进行扑救。K 类火灾是指燃烧动物或植物脂肪的厨房火灾，如油炸锅或煎锅中的火灾。最后，D 类火灾燃烧的是锂和镁等易燃金属。

Fires are classified based on the type of fuel being burned. Class A fires burn common solid fuels like wood, paper, cloth, rubber and plastic. Class B fires burn flammable liquid fuels like oils, gasoline, paints and solvents. Class C fires are electrical fires. They may have the same fuels as Class A or B fires, but they also include energized electrical equipment and must be fought with substances that are not water based. Class K fires are kitchen fires that involve burning animal or vegetable fat, such as in a deep fat fryer or a frying pan. Finally, Class D fires burn flammable metals such as lithium and magnesium.

灭火器预设的灭火类型并不同。在过去，许多灭火器都是针对特定的火灾类型而设定的。例如，常见的水基灭火器只能扑救 A 类火灾。如今，大多数灭火器的额定灭火类型为 A、B 和 C 类，从而简化了操作。但你不能认为所有灭火器都是 A、B 和 C 类型的。虽然不常见，但有些地方仍然保留着只能扑救一类火灾的旧灭火器，有些地方则在存在特定火灾隐患时保留着扑救特定火灾等级的灭火器。例如，商业餐饮设施必须在油炸锅附近放置 K 型灭火器，家庭和办公室厨房有时也会使用这种灭火器。使用易燃金属的设施通常会在使用和储存易燃金属的区域备有 D 型灭火器。您应该经常检查灭火器，以确保它对您所面临的火灾类型有效，因为错误的灭火器实际上可能会使情况变得更糟。例如，如果您尝试在普通木材火灾中使用 K 型灭火器，就会浪费宝贵的疏散时间。如果在电气火灾中喷洒 A 型水基灭火器，很有可能会触电，而周围的建筑物则会燃烧起来。

Fire extinguishers are rated to fight the different classes of fire. In the past, many fire extinguishers were rated for specific fire classes. For example, it was common to find water-based extinguishers rated to fight only class A fires. These days, most extinguishers are rated to fight A, B and C fires, which simplifies things. But you can't assume all fire extinguishers are A, B and C. It's uncommon, but some places still have old extinguishers that only fight one class of fire, and some places keep extinguishers on hand to fight specific fire classes when there are specific fire hazards. For example, commercial food service facilities are required to keep a type K extinguisher near deep fat fryers, and they are sometimes found in home and office kitchens as well. Facilities that work with flammable metals will usuallyhave a type D extinguisher on hand in areas where flammable metals are used and stored. You should always check a fire extinguisher to make sure it will work on the type of fire you're facing, because the wrong extinguisher could actually make things worse. For example, if you try to use a type K extinguisher on a regular wood fire, you'll waste precious evacuation time. If you spray a water-based type A extinguisher on an electrical fire, there's a good chance you'll be electrocuted while the building goes up in flames around you.

第 2 课：如何使用手提式灭火器。

Lesson 2: How to Use a Portable Fire Extinguisher.

如果遇到任何规模的火灾，首先要做的就是确定撤离路线。如果大火已经肆虐，您唯一的选择可能就是立即逃离。即使您打算留下来灭火，如果火势失去控制，您也需要找到一条逃生之路。尽量寻找最短、最无障碍的出口路线，最好是与火势相反的方向。如果火势正在侵袭您的疏散通道，请使用灭火器清理道路并立即疏散。除非有畅通的撤离通道，否则绝不要留下来救火，即使是小火。其次，尽可能拉响警报。这通常意味着只需拉动壁挂式警报器上的拉杆，如果可以安全地做到这一点，还可以拨打119，但您应该检查一下您的应急行动计划，看看是否还有其他应该遵循的步骤。即使是您认为自己可以扑灭的小火，也要立即拉响警报，这样一旦情况失控，救援人员就会立即赶到。

If you encounter a fire of any size, the first thing you should do is identify your evacuation path. If the fire is already raging, your only choice may be to flee right away. Even if you plan to stay and fight the fire, you will need a way to escape if the fire grows out of control. Try to find the shortest, most obstacle-free route to an exit, preferably one in the opposite direction from the fire. If fire is encroaching on your evacuation path, use a fire extinguisher to clear the way and evacuate immediately. Never stay to fight a fire, even a small fire, unless you have a clear exit path available. Next, sound the alarm if you can. This usually means just pulling the lever on a wall-mounted alarm station, and calling 911 if you can do so safely, but you should check your emergency action plan to see if there are other steps you should follow as well. Even if it is a small fire that you think you can put out yourself, immediately sound the alarm so that if things get out of hand, help will already be on the way.

在决定如何应对火灾时，您需要考虑火灾的规模和火灾所处的阶段。美国国家防火协会确定了火灾的四个阶段：初起、成长、完全发展和衰退。您想进一步了解火灾的各个阶段吗？

When deciding how to respond to a fire, you will need to take into account both the size of the fire, and what stage it is. The NFPA identifies 4 stages of a fire: incipient, growth, fully developed, and decay. Would you like to learn more about the stages of a fire?

火灾的第一阶段是萌芽或点火阶段。此时，热量、氧气和燃料首次结合，开始发生化学反应。初燃阶段的火非常小。您可能会看到燃料燃烧产生的少量烟雾，也可能会看到小火苗。任何经过培训并获准使用便携式灭火器的人都应该能够在初起阶段扑灭火灾。

The first stage of a fire is the incipient or ignition stage. This is when heat, oxygen and fuel first combine and the chemical reaction begins. Fires in the incipient stage are very small. You may see a small amount of smoke from smoldering fuel, or you might see small flames. Fires in this first stage are the easiest to fight, and anyone trainedand authorized to use a portable fire extinguisher should be able to put out a fire if they catch it during the incipient stage.

下一个火灾阶段是增长阶段，火焰开始消耗附近的燃料，火势蔓延。这通常也是最短的阶段，因为火势会迅速蔓延。如果火势被完全控制住，如烤箱或金属垃圾桶内的小火，您仍然可以使用便携式灭火器扑灭处于成长阶段的火灾。处于成长阶段的未控制火灾难以预测，难以控制，可能会产生致命的闪燃情况，即整个房间同时着火。只有训练有素的消防员才能使用更先进的设备扑救处于生长阶段的未控制火灾。应使用便携式灭火器确保出口安全，并帮助人们逃离现场。

The next fire stage is the growth stage, as flames begin to consume nearby fuel and the fire spreads. This is also usually the shortest stage because fires grow so rapidly. You may still be able to use a portable fire extinguisher to fight a fire in the growth stageif the fire is completely contained, such as a small fire inside an oven or metal trash can. Uncontained fires in the growth stage are incredibly unpredictable and hard to control, and can produce deadly flashover situations in which the entire room ignites at once. Uncontained fires in the growth stage should only be fought by trained firefighters using more sophisticated equipment. Portable fire extinguishers should be used to secure exits and help people escape the area.

火灾的第三个阶段是完全发展阶段。此时，火焰已经点燃了大部分或全部可用燃料，火势达到最大燃烧能力。这是火灾中最热的阶段，也是对周围人员最危险的阶段。便携式灭火器不足以扑灭完全燃烧的大火，但仍可帮助人们逃离现场。

The third stage of a fire is the fully developed stage. At this point flames have ignited mostor all of the available fuel, and the fire is burning at maximum capacity. This is the hottest stage of a fire, and the most dangerous for people in the vicinity. Portable fire extinguishers are not sufficient to fight fully developed fires, but they may still be useful for helping people to escape the area.

最后一个阶段是衰减或燃尽阶段。这是指可用氧气和燃料迅速耗尽，火开始熄灭。衰减阶段通常是火灾中持续时间最长的阶段，在这一阶段，如果引入更多燃料或氧气，就有可能引发新的火灾。在这一阶段，如果突然引入大量氧气，例如窗户破损导致室外空气进入，也有发生逆流爆炸的危险。在大火的衰减阶段，所有人都应撤离现场，将灭火工作留给专业人员。有时可以使用便携式灭火器或水桶或沙桶完全扑灭处于衰减阶段的小火。这样做是为了防止新的火苗意外窜起，例如确保在离开露营地之前熄灭篝火。

The final stage is the decay or burnout stage. This is when the available oxygen and fuel are rapidly depleting, and the fire starts to die. The decay stage is usually the longest stage of a fire, and during this stage there is a risk of a new fire starting if more fuel or oxygen are introduced. There is also a risk of a backdraft explosion during this stage if a lot of oxygen is suddenly introduced, such as if a window breaks and lets in outside air. By the decay stage of a large fire, everyone should have evacuated the area and left the fire fighting to the professionals. Portable fire extinguishers, or buckets of water or sand, can sometimes be used to fully extinguish small fires in the decay stage. This is done to prevent new fires from flaring up unexpectedly, such as ensuring that a campfire is extinguished before leaving a campsite.

如果您的职责是使用灭火器应对小型火灾，那么您需要能够判断火势是否过大而无法处理。通常情况下，使用便携式灭火器扑救初起火灾和完全控制住的小型火灾是安全的。如果没有经过专业培训和配备专业设备，大型、无法控制的火灾以及任何涉及高度易燃或危险材料的火灾都不能安全扑救。如果火势太大，或者如果您不知道火势有多大，您应该设法逃离建筑物，而不是试图自己灭火。在火灾中丧生的大多数人都死于吸入浓烟，而不是火焰本身，因此在决定灭火之前，您还必须考虑到浓烟的数量。如果火势正在蔓延，散发出大量热量和烟雾，或两者兼而有之，应立即离开。

If you have been given the responsibility of responding to small fires with a fire extinguisher, you will need to be able to determine whether a fire is too big for you to handle. Fires in the incipient stage, and fires that are smalland fully contained are usually safe to fight with a portable fire extinguisher. Large, uncontained fires, and any fires involving highly flammableor hazardous materials are not safe to fight without professional training and equipment. If the fire is too large, or if you don't know how extensive it is, you should try to escape the buildingrather than trying to put out the fire yourself. Most people who die in fires die from smoke inhalation rather than the flames themselves, so you must also take the amount of smoke into consideration before deciding to fight a fire. If a fire is spreading, is putting off a lot of heatand smoke, or both, leave immediately.

正如我们之前所说，便携式灭火器有一定的局限性，您在判断情况时也应考虑到这些局限性。一个普通的 5kg灭火器只有 17 到 21 秒的灭火时间。即使是 15kg的大型灭火器，其灭火剂的释放时间也不足一分钟。另一个因素是你必须离火源有多近。小型灭火器的灭火距离可能只有1.5m，而大型灭火器的灭火距离可能长达6m。这个距离通常印在灭火器的侧面。最后，您需要考虑灭火器的状况。大多数灭火器的保质期为 5 到 15 年。灭火器上应贴有检验标签，以证明其仍在正常工作。许多较新型号的灭火器还有一个压力表，可以告诉您灭火器是否压力充足。如果指针不在绿色区域，如果灭火器没有检验标签或压力表，或者如果有明显的损坏，如软管破裂或锁销丢失，那么灭火器可能无法正常工作。它可能还聊胜于无，但你应该认为它不可靠。

As we said before, portable fire extinguishers have some limitationsand you should also take these into account when sizing up the situation. A normal 10lb extinguisher only has 17 to 21 seconds of discharge time. Even a large 35lb extinguisher has less than a minute's worth of extinguishing agent in it. Another factor is how close you have to get to the fire. A small fire extinguisher may only be able to reach a distance of about five feet, while a larger extinguisher may reach up to 20 feet. This distance is often printed on the side of the extinguisher. Finally, you need to consider the condition of the extinguisher. Most extinguishers have a shelf life of 5 to 15 years. They should have an inspection tag to tell you they are still in working order. Many newer models also have a pressure gauge that tells you if the extinguisher is charged. If the needle is not in the green area, if the extinguisher does not have an inspection tag or gaugeor if there is visible damage such as a cracked hose or missing lock pin, then the extinguisher may not work properly. It may still be better than nothing, but you should consider it unreliable.

如果您决定灭火，或者如果您的逃生路线被火封锁，您需要使用灭火器来清理道路，那么您需要记住几件事。首先要努力识别火灾和灭火器的类型，因为错误的类型实际上会使情况变得更糟。所有便携式灭火器的操作方法都是一样的。有四个简单的步骤，称为 P-A-S-S，或 "通过"技巧，可以帮助您记忆。P-A-S-S 中的字母代表拔出灭火器的插销、将灭火器的喷嘴对准火苗底部、挤压手柄并将喷射物扫过火苗底部，直到火苗似乎被扑灭或您觉得可以安全撤离为止。如果火似乎已经熄灭，您仍应小心谨慎。后退，以防火势再次蔓延。如果您的灭火器已经用完，但火势仍未熄灭，请立即撤离并等待消防队。

If you decide to fight a fire, or if your escape route is blocked by fireand you will use a fire extinguisher to clear the way, there are a few things you need to remember. Start by trying to identify the type of fire and extinguisher, since the wrong type could actually make things worse. All portable fire extinguishers are operated the same way. There are four easy steps, called the P-A-S-S, or "pass" technique to help you remember. The letters in the word "pass" stand for pull the extinguisher's pin, aim the extinguisher's nozzle at the base of the fire, squeeze the handle and sweep the spray across the base of the fire until it seems to be outor until you feel you can safely evacuate. If the fire appears to be out, you should still be cautious. Back away in case the fire flares up again. If your fire extinguisher is empty and the fire isn't out, evacuate immediately and wait for the fire department.

完成本课程后，您应该能够识别便携式灭火器的用途和火灾的各个阶段。

Now that you have completed this course, you should be able to recognize the uses of a portable fire extinguisher, the stages of a fire,

Survey Questions | 调查问题

(1 = Strongly Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree)

Do you agree that the course’s interactive elements made this training more effective?

您是否认为课程中的互动元素提高了培训效果？

1 2 3 4 5

This course was available in my first language.

这门课程有我的母语版本。

1 2 3 4 5

I was able to complete this course with minimal or no technical issues.

我在完成这门课程时，几乎没有遇到任何技术问题。