深入理解Scrapy

Scrapy是什么

An open source and collaborative framework for extracting the data you need from websites. In a fast, simple, yet extensible way.

Scrapy是适用于Python的一个快速、简单、功能强大的web爬虫框架，通常用于抓取web站点并从页面中提取结构化的数据，也可以用来做监控与自动化测试。架构图如下所示：

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Scrapy如何工作

理解工作原理更有益于后面的学习（也可先看后面的快速上手后再返回来看这里），Scrapy运行流程图如下所示：

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运行过程如下：

程序启动后将会创建一个/多个Spiders（爬虫），Spiders会将Requests（请求）经过SpiderMiddlewares（爬虫中间件）加工，再交给Engine（引擎）。
Engine将Spiders传递过来多个请求转交给Scheduler（调度器），由调度器来安排请求。
Scheduler将需要马上执行的请求交回给Engine。
Engine将请求经过DownloaderMiddlewares（下载器中间件）加工，再发送给Downloader（下载器）。
Downloader使用Requests完成页面/接口的下载，并生成Responses（响应）, 将Responses经过DownloaderMiddlewares再转交给Engine。
Engine将Responses经过SpiderMiddlewares交回给爬虫处理Responses。
Spiders处理Responses后产生的结果返回给Engine。（Spiders处理 Responses）
步骤7 中Spiders处理结果返回的Requests对象将回到步骤2;返回的Items（数据结构化对象）或者dict（字典对象）将交给ItemPipelines（数据管道）处理。
通过定制ItemPipelines来控制数据如何持久化及处理。

开始使用Scrapy

1.安装Scrapy

通过如下命令安装Scrapy：

pip install scrapy

Scrapy安装完成会提供一个scrapy工具, 通过命令scrapy --help显示如下则表示安装成功：

> scrapy --help
Scrapy 2.6.2 - no active project

Usage:
  scrapy <command> [options] [args]

Available commands:
  bench         Run quick benchmark test
  commands
  fetch         Fetch a URL using the Scrapy downloader
  genspider     Generate new spider using pre-defined templates
  runspider     Run a self-contained spider (without creating a project)
  settings      Get settings values
  shell         Interactive scraping console
  startproject  Create new project
  version       Print Scrapy version
  view          Open URL in browser, as seen by Scrapy

  [ more ]      More commands available when run from project directory

Use "scrapy <command> -h" to see more info about a command

2.创建scrapy项目

通过命令scrapy startproject xxx创建一个Scrapy项目：

scrapy startproject MySpider

命令执行之后在当前目录下会生成一个MySpider的目录，目录结构如下所示：

MySpider/
├─scrapy.cfg
└─MySpider/
  ├─items.py
  ├─middlewares.py
  ├─pipelines.py
  ├─settings.py
  ├─__init__.py
  └─spiders/
    └─__init__.py

items.py文件存放自定义的Items
middlewares.py 文件存放SpiderMiddlewares和DownloaderMiddlewares
pipelines.py 文件存放自定义的ItemPipelines
settings.py 文件存放全局的配置信息
spiders/ 目录存放所有Spiders

之后以第一个MySpider/目录作为项目根目录

3.创建Scrapy爬虫

创建Scrapy爬虫命令scrapy genspider [spidername] [allow_domain] 以慢慢买历史价格接口为例，创建慢慢买爬虫：

scrapy genspider manmanbuy manmanbuy.com

慢慢买历史价格爬取流程：

访问 http://tool.manmanbuy.com/HistoryLowest.aspx 页面获取隐藏的 <input id="ticket" ...> 标签的 value 值。

通过步骤1 获取的 value 值，加工生成请求头的 Authorization 参数

生成请求参数 token 的值

调用 http://tool.manmanbuy.com/api.ashx 接口获取商品历史价格 (该接口依赖有效cookie, 如何获取有效cookie不是本文重点暂不说明)

此时在spiders/目录下就能找到生成的manmanbuy.py文件,文件内容如下:

import scrapy


class ManmanbuySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'manmanbuy'
    allowed_domains = ['manmanbuy.com']
    start_urls = ['http://manmanbuy.com/']

    def parse(self, response):
        pass

其中name为爬虫名称, allowed_domains 为允许访问的域名, start_urls 为启动爬取的地址。

Spider 支持两种启动爬取方式, 一种为便捷的配置start_urls方式, 启动后将直接爬取配置的url, 另一种为重写start_requests方法，返回自定义初始化的Request

4.Scrapy爬虫开发

4.1. 编写Spiders（MySpider/spiders/manmanbuy.py）：

import scrapy
from urllib.parse import quote
import hashlib
import time
import copy


class ManmanbuySpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'manmanbuy'
    allowed_domains = ['manmanbuy.com']

    def start_requests(self):
        # 以京东单个商品查询历史价格为例, 商品ID: 100011493273
        item_urls = ['https://item.jd.com/100011493273.html']
        # 定义请求头
        headers = {
            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/96.0.4664.110 Safari/537.36',
        }
        # 第一步先从h5页面获取ticket参数
        for item_url in item_urls:
            yield scrapy.Request(url='http://tool.manmanbuy.com/HistoryLowest.aspx?url=' + item_url,
                                 headers=headers,
                                 # 透传参数
                                 meta={'key': item_url})

    def parse(self, response: scrapy.http.Response):
        # 从页面中获取ticket值
        ticket = response.css('#ticket')[0].attrib['value']
        # 获取下一段接口请求参数
        req = parse_req({'key': response.meta['key'], 'method': 'getHistoryTrend'})
        # 请求头
        headers = {
            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/96.0.4664.110 Safari/537.36',
            # 计算auth
            'Authorization': parse_basic_auth(ticket),
        }
        return scrapy.FormRequest(url='http://tool.manmanbuy.com/api.ashx',
                                  method='POST',
                                  formdata=req,
                                  headers=headers,
                                  cookies=self.get_cookies(),
                                  # 自定义回调地址
                                  callback=self.parse_history_price)

    def get_cookies(self):
        # 省略获取cookie逻辑
        cks = '_ga=GA1.2.604426644.1596510819; ASP.NET_SessionId=bbyuxdftfkcf5mrijdgkmnc5; Hm_lvt_01a310dc95b71311522403c3237671ae=1658906329; Hm_lvt_85f48cee3e51cd48eaba80781b243db3=1658748396,1658906330; _gid=GA1.2.472137414.1658906330; _gat_gtag_UA_145348783_1=1; 60014_mmbuser=VQYJA1IFBTBSVwNdClFVUgdRUQcLUgdXDg1RBgNTAVVUVAZRBQFeAw%3d%3d; Hm_lpvt_85f48cee3e51cd48eaba80781b243db3=1658906625; Hm_lpvt_01a310dc95b71311522403c3237671ae=1658906625'
        cookies = {}
        for one in cks.split(';'):
            k, v = one.strip().split("=")
            cookies[k] = v
        return cookies

    def parse_history_price(self, response: scrapy.http.Response):
        # 输出相应
        self.logger.info(response.text)


def parse_basic_auth(ticket):
    """
    这是解析ticket的值啊，就是上面说的那逻辑
    """
    return 'BasicAuth ' + ticket[:160][-4:] + ticket[:160 - 4]


def parse_req(d):
    """
    这是解析请求,增加t和token参数
    """
    d['t'] = str(int(time.time() * 1000))
    n = copy.deepcopy(d)
    ks = list(n.keys())
    ks.sort()
    ask = 'c5c3f201a8e8fc634d37a766a0299218'
    mask = ask
    for k in ks:
        mask += f'{k}{quote(str(n[k])).replace("/", "%2F")}'
    mask += ask
    mask = mask.upper()
    md5 = hashlib.md5()
    md5.update(mask.encode('utf-8'))
    d['token'] = md5.hexdigest().upper()
    return d

4.2. 修改Settings（MySpider/settings.py）：

# robots.txt 文件检查, 默认为: true, 需要改为Flase
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

运行scrapy crawl manmanbuy命令启动爬虫, 观察日志能够正常获取数据：

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5.Scrapy数据持久化开发

5.1. 编写Items（NySpider/items.py）：

import scrapy

class HistoryPriceItem(scrapy.Item):
    """
    自定义历史价格存储Item
    """
    # 商品URL
    itemUrl = scrapy.Field()
    # 图片URL
    picUrl = scrapy.Field()
    # 历史价格信息
    detailPrice = scrapy.Field()

5.2. 编写ItemPipelines（MySpider/pipelines.py）, 以文件存储为例：

import scrapy.crawler
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
from scrapy import signals

class FilePipeline:

    def __init__(self, filename='store.txt'):
        self.filename = filename

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # 使用适配器包装item, 防止直接对item进行修改/删除影响后续Pipeline
        adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
        # 写入文件
        self.fp.write(adapter.get('itemUrl') + "    " + adapter.get('picUrl') + "    " + adapter.get('detailPrice') + '\n')
        return item

    @classmethod
    def from_crawler(cls, crawler:scrapy.crawler.Crawler):
        s = cls()
        # 通过信号绑定行为
        # 爬虫启动时创建文件fp
        crawler.signals.connect(s.opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
        # 爬虫停止时关闭文件fp
        crawler.signals.connect(s.closed, signal=signals.spider_closed)
        return s

    def closed(self, spider):
        self.fp.close()

    def opened(self, spider):
        self.fp = open(self.filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8')
        self.fp.write('商品URL    主图URL    历史价格信息\n')

5.3. 修改Spiders（MySpider/spiders/manmanbuy.py）：

import scrapy
import json
from MySpider.items import HistoryPriceItem


class ManmanbuySpider(scrapy.Spider):
     # 省略未修改内容

     custom_settings = {
         # 配置使用的Item管道
        'ITEM_PIPELINES': {
            'MySpider.pipelines.FilePipeline': 300,
        }
    }

    def parse_history_price(self, response: scrapy.http.Response):
        # 解析价格响应
        self.logger.info(response.text)
        data = json.loads(response.text)
        # 返回Item
        return HistoryPriceItem(itemUrl=data['data']['spUrl'], picUrl=data['data']['spPic'], detailPrice=data['data']['datePrice'])

这里说明一下scrapy有5种添加配置方式，常用的有3种，高优先级配置会覆盖低优先级相同的Key的配置，不同的Key的配置则组合起来，按优先级从高到底分别是：

命令行配置
爬虫配置
项目全局配置

Spiders中的custom_settings参数就是爬虫配置

5.4. 运行scrapy crawl manmanbuy命令启动爬虫，观察当前目录发现生成一个store.txt文件，文件内容如下：

商品URL    主图URL    历史价格信息
https://item.jd.com/100011493273.html    http://img13.360buyimg.com/n7/jfs/t1/201578/31/15673/77560/619479ceEd1bde507/c0dab826b71e0b84.jpg    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则说明程序执行正常

PS: 若想要将数据持久化至Mysql/MongoDB/Elasticsearch，只需编写对应的ItemPipelines实现, 修改爬虫导入的ITEM_PIPELINES配置即可，实现数据持久化与爬虫逻辑的解耦。