网络爬虫——urllib（1）

前言🍭

❤️❤️❤️网络爬虫专栏更新中，各位大佬觉得写得不错，支持一下，感谢了！❤️❤️❤️

前篇简单介绍了什么是网络爬虫及相关概念，这篇开始讲解爬虫中的第一个库——urllib。

urllib🍭

urllib是Python标准库中的一个模块，提供了一些用于处理URL的功能。

使用urllib可以进行URL的解析、发送HTTP请求、文件下载等操作。

1、urllib的基本使用

使用urIlib来获取百度首页的源码

# 使用urI1ib来获取百度首页的源码
import urllib.request
# (1)定义一个urI 赢是你要访问的地址
url = 'http://www.baidu.com/'
# (2)模拟浏微器向服务器发达求 response阿应
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# (3)获取响应中的页面的源码 (content 内容意思)
# read方法 返回的是字节形式的二进制数据
content = response.read()
# (4)打印数据
print(content)

打印结果：

b'<!DOCTYPE html><!--STATUS OK--><html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"><meta content="always" name="referrer"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><meta name="description" content="\xe5\x85\xa8\xe7\x90\x83\xe9\xa2\x86\xe5\x85\x88\xe7\x9a\x84\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2\xe5\xbc\x95\xe6\x93\x8e\xe3\x80\x81\xe8\x87\xb4\xe5\x8a\x9b\xe4\xba\x8e\xe8\xae\xa9\xe7\xbd\x91\xe6\xb0\x91\xe6\x9b\xb4\xe4\xbe\xbf\xe6\x8d\xb7\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe8\x8e\xb7\xe5\x8f\x96\xe4\xbf\xa1\xe6\x81\xaf\xef\xbc\x8c\xe6\x89\xbe\xe5\x88\xb0\xe6\x89\x80\xe6\xb1\x82\xe3\x80\x82\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe8\xb6\x85\xe8\xbf\x87\xe5\x8d\x83\xe4\xba\xbf\xe7\x9a\x84\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe7\xbd\x91\xe9\xa1\xb5\xe6\x95\xb0\xe6\x8d\xae\xe5\xba\x93\xef\xbc\x8c\xe5\x8f\xaf\xe4\xbb\xa5\xe7\x9e\xac\xe9\x97\xb4\xe6\x89\xbe\xe5\x88\xb0\xe7\x9b\xb8\xe5\x85\xb3\xe7\x9a\x84\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2\xe7\xbb\x93\xe6\x9e\x9c\xe3\x80\x82"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.baidu.com/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/content-search.xml" title="\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2" /><link rel="icon" sizes="any" mask href="https://www.baidu.com/favicon.ico"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//dss0.bdstatic.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//dss1.bdstatic.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ss1.bdstatic.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//sp0.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//sp1.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//sp2.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pss.bdstatic.com"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://psstatic.cdn.bcebos.com/video/wiseindex/aa6eef91f8b5b1a33b454c401_1660835115000.png"><title>\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe4\xb8\x80\xe4\xb8\x8b\xef\xbc\x8c\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xb0\xb1\xe7\x9f\xa5\xe9
......

可以看到开头字母为b，这代表这返回的是字节形式的二进制数据。我们想要看懂它需要将它转换成字符串，也就是解码（二进制->字符串）。

源码：源码

# 使用urI1ib来获取百度首页的源码
import urllib.request
# (1)定义一个urI 赢是你要访问的地址
url = 'http://www.baidu.com'
# (2)模拟浏微器向服务器发达求 response阿应
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# (3)获取响应中的页面的源码 (content 内容意思)
# read方法 返回的是字节形式的二进制数据  我们使用decode进行主动解码，将其转换成字符串
content = response.read().decode("utf-8")
# (4)打印数据
print(content)

打印结果：

2、一个类型六个方法

一个类型

为什么要讲一个类型呢？因为后面要讲的一个库叫request库，request库也有相对应的响应，但是它的类型不一样，为了进行一个对比，才进行这样的一个讲解。

import urllib.request

url = "http://www.baidu.com"
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# 一个类型六个方法
print(type(response))

类型打印：

<class 'http.client.HTTPResponse'>

从上面我们可以知道response的数据类型是HttpResponse，我们需要去记住。

六个方法

Ⅰ、read方法

read方法是按照一个字节一个字节的去读

import urllib.request

url = "http://www.baidu.com"
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# 按照一个字节一个字节的去读
content = response.read()
print(content)

read方法按字节读

import urllib.request

url = "http://www.baidu.com"
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# read方法按字节读
content = response.read(5)
print(content)

打印结果：

b'<!DOC'

Ⅱ、readline方法按行读

import urllib.request

url = "http://www.baidu.com"
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# readline方法按行读
content = response.readline()
print(content)

打印结果：

b'<!DOCTYPE html><!--STATUS OK--><html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"><meta content="always" name="referrer"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><meta name="description" content="\xe5\x85\xa8\xe7\x90\x83\xe9\xa2\x86\xe5\x85\x88\xe7\x9a\x84\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2\xe5\xbc\x95\xe6\x93\x8e\xe3\x80\x81\xe8\x87\xb4\xe5\x8a\x9b\xe4\xba\x8e\xe8\xae\xa9\xe7\xbd\x91\xe6\xb0\x91\xe6\x9b\xb4\xe4\xbe\xbf\xe6\x8d\xb7\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe8\x8e\xb7\xe5\x8f\x96\xe4\xbf\xa1\xe6\x81\xaf\xef\xbc\x8c\xe6\x89\xbe\xe5\x88\xb0\xe6\x89\x80\xe6\xb1\x82\xe3\x80\x82\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe8\xb6\x85\xe8\xbf\x87\xe5\x8d\x83\xe4\xba\xbf\xe7\x9a\x84\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe7\xbd\x91\xe9\xa1\xb5\xe6\x95\xb0\xe6\x8d\xae\xe5\xba\x93\xef\xbc\x8c\xe5\x8f\xaf\xe4\xbb\xa5\xe7\x9e\xac\xe9\x97\xb4\xe6\x89\xbe\xe5\x88\xb0\xe7\x9b\xb8\xe5\x85\xb3\xe7\x9a\x84\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2\xe7\xbb\x93\xe6\x9e\x9c\xe3\x80\x82"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.baidu.com/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/content-search.xml" title="\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe6\x90\x9c\xe7\xb4\xa2" /><link rel="icon" 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rgba(0,0,0,.06);border-radius:9px;margin-right:6px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .content{float:left}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .header{margin-bottom:6px;line-height:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:middle}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .name{float:left;font-size:18px;color:#222;font-weight:500}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .tag-img{width:18px;margin-left:4px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .more{line-height:14px;width:240px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .brief,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .info{font-size:14px;color:#222;font-weight:400}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .brief{margin-right:6px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .right-btn{float:right;margin-top:5px;margin-right:6px;width:60px;height:24px;text-align:center;font-size:14px;color:#36F;line-height:24px;background-image:linear-gradient(111deg,#e8f7ff 0,#edf0ff 100%);border-radius:12px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .right-btn:hover{background:#315efb;color:#fff}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li:hover .direct-sug-wrap .name{color:#315EFB}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li:hover .direct-sug-wrap .brief{color:#222}#head_wrapper.s-down #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new{top:52px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new{width:100%;box-shadow:0 4px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05)!important;border-radius:12px;top:56px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new ul{border:0;padding:0 0 7px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new ul li{line-height:32px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new ul .bdsug-s{background-color:#F1F3FD!important}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new .bdsug-store-del{right:15px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu{z-index:1;display:none;position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-12px;font-size:24px;color:#4E6EF2;height:24px;line-height:24px;width:24px;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transition:transform .3s ease}.sam_search .sam_search_rec{right:54px}.sam_search .sam_search_soutu{right:14px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec:hover,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu:hover{color:#1D4FFF!important;transform:scale(1.08,1.08)}.sam_search .sam_search_rec_hover,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu_hover{background:#626675;border-radius:8px;height:32px;width:76px;text-align:center;line-height:32px;font-size:13px;color:#FFF;position:absolute;z-index:2;top:50px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec_hover:before,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu_hover:before{content:\'\';border:4px solid transparent;border-bottom:4px solid #626675;position:absolute;left:50%;top:-8px;margin-left:-4px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec_hover{right:29px}.sam_search .sam_search_soutu_hover{display:none;right:-12px}</style><style type="text/css" index="superbase">blockquote,body,button,dd,dl,dt,fieldset,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,input,legend,li,ol,p,pre,td,textarea,th,ul{margin:0;padding:0}\n'

Ⅲ、readlines按行读直到读完

import urllib.request

url = "http://www.baidu.com"
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# readlines按行读直到读完
content = response.readlines()
print(content)

Ⅳ、getcode获取状态码

import urllib.request

url = "http://www.baidu.com"
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# getcode获取状态码
print(response.getcode())

打印结果:

常见状态码

在HTTP协议中，常见的状态码用于表示服务器对请求的处理结果。以下是一些常见的状态码及其含义：

200 OK：请求成功，服务器成功处理了请求并返回了所需的数据。
301 Moved Permanently：永久重定向，请求的资源已永久移动到新的URL。
302 Found：临时重定向，请求的资源暂时移动到了新的URL。
400 Bad Request：请求无效，服务器无法理解或处理请求。
401 Unauthorized：未授权，请求需要身份验证。
403 Forbidden：禁止访问，服务器拒绝请求访问资源。
404 Not Found：未找到，服务器无法找到请求的资源。
500 Internal Server Error：服务器内部错误，服务器在处理请求过程中发生了错误。
502 Bad Gateway：错误的网关，作为代理或网关的服务器从上游服务器接收到无效的响应。
503 Service Unavailable：服务不可用，服务器暂时无法处理请求，通常是由于过载或维护。

这只是一些常见的状态码，HTTP协议中还有更多的状态码，每个状态码都有特定的含义和用途。在开发或使用HTTP请求时，了解常见的状态码可以帮助你更好地理解服务器对请求的响应。

Ⅴ、geturl获取url地址

import urllib.request

url = "http://www.baidu.com"
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# getcode获取状态码
print(response.geturl())

打印结果：

http://www.baidu.com

Ⅵ、getheaders方法获取headers（一个状态信息）

import urllib.request

url = "http://www.baidu.com"
# 模拟浏览器向服务器发送请求
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
# getcode获取状态码
print(response.getheaders())

打印信息：

[('Content-Length', '410774'), ('Content-Security-Policy', "frame-ancestors 'self' https://chat.baidu.com http://mirror-chat.baidu.com https://fj-chat.baidu.com https://hba-chat.baidu.com https://hbe-chat.baidu.com https://njjs-chat.baidu.com https://nj-chat.baidu.com https://hna-chat.baidu.com https://hnb-chat.baidu.com http://debug.baidu-int.com;"), ('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8'), ('Date', 'Sat, 23 Sep 2023 10:36:09 GMT'), ('P3p', 'CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "'), ('P3p', 'CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "'), ('Server', 'BWS/1.1'), ('Set-Cookie', 'BAIDUID=50E2111E01C6C8C836180B5DFDFF669E:FG=1; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com'), ('Set-Cookie', 'BIDUPSID=50E2111E01C6C8C836180B5DFDFF669E; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com'), ('Set-Cookie', 'PSTM=1695465369; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com'), ('Set-Cookie', 'BAIDUID=50E2111E01C6C8C85CBF086F53BBCFB9:FG=1; max-age=31536000; expires=Sun, 22-Sep-24 10:36:09 GMT; domain=.baidu.com; path=/; version=1; comment=bd'), ('Traceid', '1695465369023779380213415997353182430819'), ('Vary', 'Accept-Encoding'), ('X-Ua-Compatible', 'IE=Edge,chrome=1'), ('Connection', 'close')]

3、下载

我们可以通过爬虫（urllib.request.urlretrieve()）将网页、图片、视频下载下来。

下载网页

下载百度的网页

import urllib.request

# 下载网页
url_page = "http://www,.baidu, com"
# urI代表的是下载的路径 filename文件的名字# 在python中 可以变量的名字 也可以直接写值
urllib.request.urlretrieve(url_page, 'baidu.html')

下载好了之后浏览器打开：

下载图片

import urllib.request

# 下载图片
url_img="https://profile-avatar.csdnimg.cn/82351d3cb9754fda97cb85258d7e74a0_m0_63951142.jpg!1"
urllib.request.urlretrieve(url_img, filename="tx.jpg")

把我的头像链接输入，下载下来：

下载视频

再找到里面的src

这就是我们的视频地址

import urllib.request

# 下载网页
# url_page = "http://www.baidu.com"
# # urI代表的是下载的路径 filename文件的名字# 在python中 可以变量的名字 也可以直接写值
# urllib.request.urlretrieve(url_page, 'baidu.html')
url_video="https://v16m-default.akamaized.net/5ec5b30ab203de382ab98284de179428/650f2c82/video/tos/alisg/tos-alisg-v-0051c001-sg/oAoAVUpAqIizX8BESwEmjdNsBWAfpFhywEKEVq/?a=0&ch=0&cr=0&dr=0&er=0&lr=default&cd=0%7C0%7C0%7C0&br=2016&bt=1008&bti=cmd5ZGgxZGZiZmIrY2E6&cs=0&ds=3&ft=dl9~j-Inz7TlNPJZiyq8Z&mime_type=video_mp4&qs=13&rc=M3A8ZDQ6ZmhrbDMzODYzNEBpM3A8ZDQ6ZmhrbDMzODYzNEAyXmBycjRnYGhgLS1kMC1zYSMyXmBycjRnYGhgLS1kMC1zcw%3D%3D&l=202309231156594B50CCEF2A58CC50DD84&btag=e00068000https://v16m-default.akamaized.net/5ec5b30ab203de382ab98284de179428/650f2c82/video/tos/alisg/tos-alisg-v-0051c001-sg/oAoAVUpAqIizX8BESwEmjdNsBWAfpFhywEKEVq/?a=0&ch=0&cr=0&dr=0&er=0&lr=default&cd=0%7C0%7C0%7C0&br=2016&bt=1008&bti=cmd5ZGgxZGZiZmIrY2E6&cs=0&ds=3&ft=dl9~j-Inz7TlNPJZiyq8Z&mime_type=video_mp4&qs=13&rc=M3A8ZDQ6ZmhrbDMzODYzNEBpM3A8ZDQ6ZmhrbDMzODYzNEAyXmBycjRnYGhgLS1kMC1zYSMyXmBycjRnYGhgLS1kMC1zcw%3D%3D&l=202309231156594B50CCEF2A58CC50DD84&btag=e00068000"
urllib.request.urlretrieve(url_video, "dm.mp4")

运行代码