Cobbler介绍：
1）Cobbler是一个Linux服务器安装的服务，可以通过网络启动PXE的方式来快速安装、重装物理服务器和虚拟机，同时还可以管理DHCP、DNS等。
2）Cobbler 可以使用命令行的方式管理，也提供了基于Web的界面管理工具（cobbler-web），还提供了API接口，可以方便二次开发使用。
3）Cobbler是较早前的Kickstart的升级版本，优点是比较容易配置，还自带Web界面比较容易管理。
4）Cobbler内置了一个轻量级配置管理系统，但它也支持和其他配置管理系统集成，如Puppet。
Cobbler的配置结构基于一组注册的对象，每个对象表示一个与另一个实体相关联的实体。当一个对象指向另一个对象时，它就继承了被指向对象的数据，并可覆盖或添加更多特定信息。
发行版：表示一个操作系统。它承载了内核和initrd的信息，以及内核参数等其他数据。
配置文件：包含一个发型版，一个kickstart文件以及可能的存储库，还包括更多特定的内核参数等其他数据。
系统：表示要配给的机器。它还包括一个配置文件和一个镜像，IP地址和MAC地址，电源管理（地址、凭据、类型）以及更为专业的数据等信息。
镜像：可以替换一个保函不屑于此类别的文件的发型版对象（例如：无法分为内核和initrd的对象）。
Cobble集成的服务：
PXE服务支持
DHCP服务管理
DNS服务管理
电源管理
Kickstart服务支持
YUM仓库管理
TFTP
Apache
Cobbler的工作原理：
这个过程跟PXE和Kickstart的过程有点类似。
Server端
启动Cobbler服务
进行Cobbler错误检查，执行cobbler check命令
进行配置同步更新，执行cobbler sync命令
复制相关启动文件到TFTP目录中
启动DHCP服务，提供地址分配
DHCP服务分配IP地址
TFTP传输启动文件
Server端接收安装信息
Server端发送ISO镜像与Kickstart文件
Client端
客户端以PXE模式启动
客户端获取IP地址
通过TFTP服务器获取启动文件
进入Cobbler安装选择界面
根据配置信息准备安装系统
加载Kickstart文件
传输系统安装的其它文件
进行安装系统
Cobbler安装：
说明：虚拟机网卡采用NAT模式或者仅主机模式，不要使用桥接模式，因为后面会搭建DHCP服务器，在同一个局域网多个DHCP服务器会引起冲突。VMware的NAT模式的DHCP服务也关闭，避免冲突。
环境准备：
关闭防火墙和Disabled SELINUX。
[root@vm1 network-scripts]# systemctl stop firewalld && systemctl disable firewalld
[root@vm1 network-scripts]#
[root@vm1 network-scripts]# sed -i 's/SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
[root@vm1 network-scripts]#
[root@vm1 network-scripts]# getenforce
Disabled
安装Cobbler：
安装epel源：
[root@vm1 network-scripts]# yum install -y epel-release
安装cobbler以及cobbler-web、tftp-server、dhcp、xinetd软件：
yum install -y cobbler cobbler-web tftp-server dhcp xinetd httpd启动cobbler和httpd，并设置开机自启动：
[root@vm1 network-scripts]# systemctl start httpd
[root@vm1 network-scripts]# systemctl start cobblerd
[root@vm1 network-scripts]# systemctl enable cobblerd
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/cobblerd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/cobblerd.service.
[root@vm1 network-scripts]# systemctl enable httpd
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
查看安装后的文件：
[root@cobbler ~]# rpm -ql cobbler
/etc/cobbler # 配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/settings # cobbler主配置文件，这个文件是YAML格式，Cobbler是python写的程序。
/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template # DHCP服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template # tftp服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/rsync.template # rsync服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/iso # iso模板配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/pxe # pxe模板文件目录
/etc/cobbler/power # 电源的配置文件目录
/etc/cobbler/users.conf # Web服务授权配置文件
/etc/cobbler/users.digest # 用于web访问的用户名密码配置文件
/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template # DNS服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/modules.conf # Cobbler模块配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler # Cobbler数据目录
/var/lib/cobbler/config # 配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts # 默认存放kickstart文件
/var/lib/cobbler/loaders # 存放的各种引导程序
/var/www/cobbler # 系统安装镜像目录
/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror # 导入的系统镜像列表
/var/www/cobbler/images # 导入的系统镜像启动文件
/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror # yum源存储目录
/var/log/cobbler # 日志目录
/var/log/cobbler/install.log # 客户端系统安装日志
/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log # cobbler日志
配置cobbler：
检查Cobbler的配置，如果看不到下面的结果，再次重启Cobbler：
[root@vm1 ~]# cobbler check
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:
1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.
2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.
3 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
4 : Some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders. If you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot.
5 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl
6 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories
7 : ksvalidator was not found, install pykickstart
8 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one
9 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them
Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.
看到上面的问题，然后一个一个地进行解决，先进行设置为可以动态配置，也可以直接修改配置文件。
[root@vm1 ~]# sed -ri '/allow_dynamic_settings:/c\allow_dynamic_settings: 1' /etc/cobbler/settings
[root@vm1 ~]# grep allow_dynamic_settings /etc/cobbler/settings
allow_dynamic_settings: 1
[root@vm1 ~]# systemctl restart cobblerd
1. server
[root@vm1 ~]# cobbler setting edit --name=server --value=192.168.17.3
[root@vm1 ~]#
2. next_server
[root@vm1 ~]# cobbler setting edit --name=next_server --value=192.168.17.3
[root@vm1 ~]#
3. tftp和xinetd
[root@vm1 ~]# sed -ri '/disable/c\disable = no' /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
[root@vm1 ~]#
[root@vm1 ~]# systemctl restart xinetd
[root@vm1 ~]# systemctl enable xinetd
4. boot-loaders
[root@vm1 ~]# cobbler get-loaders # 这个操作提示No such command： get-loaders。cobbler给出了其他解决办法，就是安装syslinux。我们系统已经安装syslinux，所以这边可以通过。
5. rsyncd
[root@vm1 ~]# systemctl start rsyncd
[root@vm1 ~]# systemctl enable rsyncd
6. debmirror [optional]
# 这个是可选项的，可以忽略。这里就忽略了
7. pykickstart
[root@vm1 ~]# yum -y install pykickstart
8. default_password_crypted #注意：这里设置的密码，也就是后面安装完系统的初始化登录密码
[root@vm1 ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt `openssl rand -hex 4` 'admin'
$1$a11e9369$CmvARPtsJvtZ04xqK6sZg/
[root@vm1 ~]#
[root@vm1 ~]# cobbler setting edit --name=default_password_crypted --value='$1$a11e9369$CmvARPtsJvtZ04xqK6sZg/'
9. fencing tools [optional]
[root@vm1 ~]# yum -y install fence-agents
sed的用法，注意下，我们可以学习应用到PXE-Kickstart的配置中去。
解决完之后，再次查看：
[root@vm1 ~]# cobbler check
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:
1 : Some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders. If you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot.
2 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories
Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.
我们看下第一个问题该如何解决：
我们这段英文提示信息，是说确认下是否安装了最近新版本的syslinux。
然后执行安装syslinux。
[root@vm1 ~]# yum install -y syslinux
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Repository cr is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository fasttrack is listed more than once in the configuration
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn
Package syslinux-4.05-15.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
那第一个问题，我们可以跳过。
配置DHCP：
[root@vm1 ~]# cobbler setting edit --name=manage_dhcp --value=1
[root@vm1 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template
同步Cobbler的配置：
通过Cobbler配置，它会根据配置自动修改dhcp等服务。
[root@vm1 ~]# cobbler sync
task started: 2023-08-10_180857_sync
task started (id=Sync, time=Thu Aug 10 18:08:57 2023)
running pre-sync triggers
cleaning trees
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/images
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/efidefault
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/s390x/profile_list
copying bootloaders
copying distros to tftpboot
copying images
generating PXE configuration files
generating PXE menu structure
rendering DHCP files
generating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
rendering TFTPD files
generating /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
cleaning link caches
running post-sync triggers
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_services
running: dhcpd -t -q
received on stdout:
received on stderr:
running: service dhcpd restart
received on stdout:
received on stderr: Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart dhcpd.service
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.manage_genders
running python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_track
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
*** TASK COMPLETE ***
这个时候创建一个虚拟机可以获得如下信息，
通过DHCP服务，可以分配到IP地址，但是从tftp服务器中获取不到系统引导文件。
没有镜像选择，只能从本地启动：
Cobbler命令帮助：
| 命令 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| cobbler check | 核对当前设置是否有问题 |
| cobbler list | 列出所有的cobbler元素 |
| cobbler report | 列出元素的详细信息 |
| cobbler sync | 同步配置到数据目录，更改配置最好都执行一下 |
| cobbler reposync | 同步yum仓库 |
| cobbler distro | 查看导入的发行版系统信息 |
| cobbler system | 查看添加的系统信息 |
| cobbler profile | 查看配置信息 |
Cobbler配置安装Centos7.0
我这边的Cobbler服务器就是CentOS7的系统，所以直接挂载/dev/cdrom即可。
1）创建挂载点，并进行挂载：
[root@vm1 ~]# mkdir /centos7
[root@vm1 ~]# mount -o loop /dev/cdrom /centos7
2）查看挂载后的目录：
[root@vm1 centos7]# ll
total 110
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 14 Oct 30 2020 CentOS_BuildTag
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Oct 27 2020 EFI
-rw-rw-r-- 15 root root 227 Aug 30 2017 EULA
-rw-rw-r-- 15 root root 18009 Dec 10 2015 GPL
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Oct 27 2020 images
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Nov 3 2020 isolinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Oct 27 2020 LiveOS
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 73728 Nov 3 2020 Packages
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 3 2020 repodata
-rw-rw-r-- 15 root root 1690 Dec 10 2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
-rw-rw-r-- 15 root root 1690 Dec 10 2015 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 2883 Nov 3 2020 TRANS.TBL
3）导入镜像：
[root@vm1 centos7]# cobbler import --path=/centos7 --name=centos7.9 --arch=x86_64
task started: 2023-08-10_201348_import
task started (id=Media import, time=Thu Aug 10 20:13:48 2023)
Found a candidate signature: breed=suse, version=opensuse15.0
Found a candidate signature: breed=suse, version=opensuse15.1
Found a candidate signature: breed=redhat, version=rhel6
Found a candidate signature: breed=redhat, version=rhel7
Found a matching signature: breed=redhat, version=rhel7
Adding distros from path /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64:
creating new distro: centos7.9-x86_64
trying symlink: /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64 -> /var/www/cobbler/links/centos7.9-x86_64
creating new profile: centos7.9-x86_64
associating repos
checking for rsync repo(s)
checking for rhn repo(s)
checking for yum repo(s)
starting descent into /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64 for centos7.9-x86_64
processing repo at : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64
need to process repo/comps: /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64
looking for /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64/repodata/*comps*.xml
Keeping repodata as-is :/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64/repodata
*** TASK COMPLETE ***
4）查看导入后镜像信息：
[root@vm1 centos7]# cobbler distro report --name=centos7.9-x86_64
Name : centos7.9-x86_64
Architecture : x86_64
TFTP Boot Files : {}
Breed : redhat
Comment :
Fetchable Files : {}
Initrd : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img
Kernel : /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz
Kernel Options : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install) : {}
Kickstart Metadata : {'tree': 'http://@@http_server@@/cblr/links/centos7.9-x86_64'}
Management Classes : []
OS Version : rhel7
Owners : ['admin']
Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>>
Template Files : {}
看老师的一段配置信息。
5）查看profile信息：
[root@vm1 centos7]# cobbler profile report --name=centos7.9-x86_64
Name : centos7.9-x86_64
TFTP Boot Files : {}
Comment :
DHCP Tag : default
Distribution : centos7.9-x86_64
Enable gPXE? : 0
Enable PXE Menu? : 1
Fetchable Files : {}
Kernel Options : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install) : {}
Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/sample_end.ks
Kickstart Metadata : {}
Management Classes : []
Management Parameters : <<inherit>>
Name Servers : []
Name Servers Search Path : []
Owners : ['admin']
Parent Profile :
Internal proxy :
Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>>
Repos : []
Server Override : <<inherit>>
Template Files : {}
Virt Auto Boot : 1
Virt Bridge : xenbr0
Virt CPUs : 1
Virt Disk Driver Type : raw
Virt File Size(GB) : 5
Virt Path :
Virt RAM (MB) : 512
Virt Type : kvm
6）新建一个centos7.ks文件，然后文件内容如下：
[root@vm1 kickstarts]# cat centos7.ks
# This kickstart file should only be used with EL > 5 and/or Fedora > 7.
# For older versions please use the sample.ks kickstart file.
# Install OS instead of upgrade
install
# Use text mode install
text
# System keyboard
keyboard us
# System language
lang en_US
# System timezone
timezone Asia/ShangHai
#Root password
#rootpw --plaintext 123456
rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted
# System authorization information
auth --useshadow --enablemd5
# Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
# SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
# Use network installation
url --url=$tree
# Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
# System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr
# Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
part /boot --fstype=xfs --size=500
part swap --fstype=swap --size=2048
part / --fstype=xfs --grow --size=200
# If any cobbler repo definitions were referenced in the kickstart profile, include them here.
$yum_repo_stanza
# Network information
$SNIPPET('network_config')
# Do not configure the X Window System
skipx
# Run the Setup Agent on first boot
firstboot --disable
# Reboot after installation
reboot
%pre
$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre')
$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')
$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')
# Enable installation monitoring
$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')
%end
%packages
$SNIPPET('func_install_if_enabled')
@core
%end
%post --nochroot
$SNIPPET('log_ks_post_nochroot')
%end
%post
$SNIPPET('log_ks_post')
# Start yum configuration
$yum_config_stanza
# End yum configuration
$SNIPPET('post_install_kernel_options')
$SNIPPET('post_install_network_config')
$SNIPPET('func_register_if_enabled')
$SNIPPET('download_config_files')
$SNIPPET('koan_environment')
$SNIPPET('redhat_register')
$SNIPPET('cobbler_register')
# Enable post-install boot notification
$SNIPPET('post_anamon')
# Start final steps
$SNIPPET('kickstart_done')
# End final steps
sed -ri "/^#UseDNS/c\UseDNS no" /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sed -ri "/^GSSAPIAuthentication/c\GSSAPIAuthentication no" /etc/ssh/sshd_config
%end
说明：root密码就是开始的时候设置的密码，admin。
7）编辑centos7镜像所使用的kickstart文件：
[root@vm1 kickstarts]# cobbler profile edit --name=centos7.9-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/centos7.ks
[root@vm1 kickstarts]# cobbler profile report --name=centos7.9-x86_64
Name : centos7.9-x86_64
TFTP Boot Files : {}
Comment :
DHCP Tag : default
Distribution : centos7.9-x86_64
Enable gPXE? : 0
Enable PXE Menu? : 1
Fetchable Files : {}
Kernel Options : {}
Kernel Options (Post Install) : {}
Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/centos7.ks
Kickstart Metadata : {}
Management Classes : []
Management Parameters : <<inherit>>
Name Servers : []
Name Servers Search Path : []
Owners : ['admin']
Parent Profile :
Internal proxy :
Red Hat Management Key : <<inherit>>
Red Hat Management Server : <<inherit>>
Repos : []
Server Override : <<inherit>>
Template Files : {}
Virt Auto Boot : 1
Virt Bridge : xenbr0
Virt CPUs : 1
Virt Disk Driver Type : raw
Virt File Size(GB) : 5
Virt Path :
Virt RAM (MB) : 512
Virt Type : kvm
[root@vm1 kickstarts]# cobbler profile report --name=centos7.9-x86_64 |grep Kickstart
Kickstart : /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/centos7.ks
Kickstart Metadata : {}
8）再次同步Cobbler配置：
[root@vm1 kickstarts]# cobbler sync
task started: 2023-08-10_203333_sync
task started (id=Sync, time=Thu Aug 10 20:33:33 2023)
running pre-sync triggers
cleaning trees
removing: /var/www/cobbler/images/centos7.9-x86_64
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/images
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/grub/efidefault
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/images/centos7.9-x86_64
removing: /var/lib/tftpboot/s390x/profile_list
copying bootloaders
copying distros to tftpboot
copying files for distro: centos7.9-x86_64
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz -> /var/lib/tftpboot/images/centos7.9-x86_64/vmlinuz
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img -> /var/lib/tftpboot/images/centos7.9-x86_64/initrd.img
copying images
generating PXE configuration files
generating PXE menu structure
copying files for distro: centos7.9-x86_64
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64/images/pxeboot/vmlinuz -> /var/www/cobbler/images/centos7.9-x86_64/vmlinuz
trying hardlink /var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/centos7.9-x86_64/images/pxeboot/initrd.img -> /var/www/cobbler/images/centos7.9-x86_64/initrd.img
Writing template files for centos7.9-x86_64
rendering DHCP files
generating /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
rendering TFTPD files
generating /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
processing boot_files for distro: centos7.9-x86_64
cleaning link caches
running post-sync triggers
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.sync_post_restart_services
running: dhcpd -t -q
received on stdout:
received on stderr:
running: service dhcpd restart
received on stdout:
received on stderr: Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart dhcpd.service
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/sync/post/*
running python triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
running python trigger cobbler.modules.manage_genders
running python trigger cobbler.modules.scm_track
running shell triggers from /var/lib/cobbler/triggers/change/*
*** TASK COMPLETE ***
然后是新建一个虚拟机：
使用向下箭头选择“centos7.9-x86_64”项目。
然后开始安装。
Kickstart这个配置文件的配置方法，等有时间的时候需要细细的推敲下，应该是把系统安装的更加完善。
