有两种方式：

• 数据卷；
• 挂在主机目录。
  

1 数据卷

1.1 什么是数据卷？

• 数据卷是一个可供一个或多个容器使用的特殊目录；
• 类似于 Linux 下对目录或文件进行 mount，镜像中的被指定为挂载点的目录中的
  文件会复制到数据卷中（仅数据卷为空时会复制）。

1.2 数据卷的特性

• 数据卷可以在容器之间共享和重用；
• 数据卷的修改立马生效；
• 数据卷的更新不会影响镜像；
• 数据卷默认一直存在，即使容器被删除。

1.3 创建数据卷

• 命令：docker volume create xxx；
• 比如：

docker volume create my-tools

• 查看数据卷，使用docker volume ls ：
  

1.4 查看数据卷

• docker volume ls 是查看所有的数据卷；
• 而docker volume inspect xxx是查看指定数据卷的信息；
• 比如：

docker volume inspect my-tools

[
    {
        "CreatedAt": "2023-05-24T09:30:01+08:00",
        "Driver": "local",
        "Labels": null,
        "Mountpoint": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/my-tools/_data",
        "Name": "my-tools",
        "Options": null,
        "Scope": "local"
    }
]

1.5 启动挂在数据卷的容器

• 方法：

在用 docker run 命令的时候，使用 --mount 标记来将 数据卷 挂载到容器里；
可挂挂载多个数据卷。

• 比如：面创建一个名为 tools的容器，并加载一个 数据卷 到容器的 /usr/share/nginx/tools 目录：

docker run -d -P --name tools --mount source==my-tools,target=/usr/share/nginx/tools nginx:alpinedocker run -d -P --name tools --mount source=my-tools,target=/usr/share/nginx/tools nginx:alpine

• 查看下数据卷的信息：docker volume inspect tools。

noamanelson@noamanelson-Virtual-Machine:~$ docker inspect tools
[
    {
        "Id": "85973675bcfd0dd7ca0bb26257eab558f525009614c13c0eada0dcc71714b262",
        "Created": "2023-05-24T01:56:10.651635407Z",
        "Path": "/docker-entrypoint.sh",
        "Args": [
            "nginx",
            "-g",
            "daemon off;"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 39953,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2023-05-24T01:56:12.455050956Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:8e75cbc5b25c8438fcfe2e7c12c98409d5f161cbb668d6c444e02796691ada70",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/85973675bcfd0dd7ca0bb26257eab558f525009614c13c0eada0dcc71714b262/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/85973675bcfd0dd7ca0bb26257eab558f525009614c13c0eada0dcc71714b262/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/85973675bcfd0dd7ca0bb26257eab558f525009614c13c0eada0dcc71714b262/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/85973675bcfd0dd7ca0bb26257eab558f525009614c13c0eada0dcc71714b262/85973675bcfd0dd7ca0bb26257eab558f525009614c13c0eada0dcc71714b262-json.log",
        "Name": "/tools",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "docker-default",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "ConsoleSize": [
                48,
                173
            ],
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "private",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": true,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": [],
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": [],
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": [],
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": null,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "Mounts": [
                {
                    "Type": "volume",
                    "Source": "my-tools",
                    "Target": "/usr/share/nginx/tools"
                }
            ],
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b852db8a48c8ee2f36af5920c0677d525d90c6403dd02396796dad5927bd2417-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/d18166feb9ccbe24169b09f8f4ced2529d0ab7ea3a79cc272c2c3c650903b58c/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/e66e7bdb223fde6e95e5edb32f0f6dab3f2980962e533d1d41844fa915816f9a/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c3dd0ee7cf2c7a332ebe79d2a6e4443bdb6d2969c41b05cfca59c75ca12998e1/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/08ed0137e18a97effe4374d2ac5fbc8abdfee53044711aae79f732df95e644d8/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/349dbe6ba59c85fa16c3cb587a640b7b67b1e76f3675729ebc36f03303f3c3db/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/fe1cb86615fa0c45b23a9929476b83b10e062e16935454deb56523ed4bf33b82/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0f3cb2f0fc871c0c25eb31a9f20685598770786dd62865db1f3a41cec9995f82/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b852db8a48c8ee2f36af5920c0677d525d90c6403dd02396796dad5927bd2417/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b852db8a48c8ee2f36af5920c0677d525d90c6403dd02396796dad5927bd2417/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b852db8a48c8ee2f36af5920c0677d525d90c6403dd02396796dad5927bd2417/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [
            {
                "Type": "volume",
                "Name": "my-tools",
                "Source": "/var/lib/docker/volumes/my-tools/_data",
                "Destination": "/usr/share/nginx/tools",
                "Driver": "local",
                "Mode": "z",
                "RW": true,
                "Propagation": ""
            }
        ],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "85973675bcfd",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "80/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "NGINX_VERSION=1.23.4",
                "PKG_RELEASE=1",
                "NJS_VERSION=0.7.11"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "nginx",
                "-g",
                "daemon off;"
            ],
            "Image": "nginx:alpine",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": [
                "/docker-entrypoint.sh"
            ],
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
            },
            "StopSignal": "SIGQUIT"
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "9b202e7041b396a70bf5256d93119f524e0b2df574ce6da5905a3873746583d0",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {
                "80/tcp": [
                    {
                        "HostIp": "0.0.0.0",
                        "HostPort": "32768"
                    },
                    {
                        "HostIp": "::",
                        "HostPort": "32768"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/9b202e7041b3",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "50abc9764730e724b0ac93a62eeb7a46fb7b8359234d2771417a083f74b5a0ed",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "4d733b11c6b91921b907d8e660c4b4686a2b3aa9f6899221d8aafe46a5c5bdad",
                    "EndpointID": "50abc9764730e724b0ac93a62eeb7a46fb7b8359234d2771417a083f74b5a0ed",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

1.6 删除数据卷

• 命令： docker volume rm xxx；
• 比如：docker volume rm my-tools；
  

注意：
Docker 不会在容器被删除后自动删除；
在删除容器的时候使用 docker rm -v，同时移除数据卷；
无主的数据卷可能会占据很多空间，要清理请使用以下命令 docker volume prune

2 挂在主机目录

2.1 挂载主机目录作为数据卷

使用 --mount 标记可以指定挂载一个本地主机的目录到容器中去。

docker run -d -P --name tools --mount type=bind,source=/src/webapp,target=/usr/share/nginx/tools nginx:alpine

• Docker 挂载主机目录的默认权限是 读写 ，也可以通过增加 readonly 指定为 只读：

docker run -d -P --name tools --mount type=bind,source=/src/webapp,target=/usr/share/nginx/tools,readonly nginx:alpine

2.2 查看数据卷信息

docker inspect tools

2.3 挂载本地主机文件作为数据卷

docker run --rm -it  --mount type=bind,source=$HOME/.bash_history,target=/root/.bash_history ubuntu:18.04 bash