MySQL+Redis实战教程：从Docker安装部署到自动化备份与数据恢复

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一、前言

在企业应用中，对MySQL和Redis运维的要求越来越高：

• 不能仅是启动就算部署
• 运行稳定、隔离、访问控制、备份恢复、安全可靠，才是 企业级的基本功能

本文将手把手教你打造一套 可备份、可恢复、可产用的MySQL+Redis基础设备 ，基于Docker实现全路径开发。

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二、项目目录结构

我们完整的Docker部署目录结构如下：

/opt/docker/
├── mysql_redis_deploy/           # 实际部署代码目录
│   ├── .env                      # 环境变量
│   ├── docker-compose.yml        # docker组合启动文件
│   ├── service_*.sh              # 系列启动、停止、重启、状态脚本
│   ├── backup_mysql.sh           # MySQL备份脚本 (多数据库、自动清理)
│   ├── redis_backup.sh           # Redis备份脚本 (选用)
│   ├── health_check.sh           # 异常自动重启
│   ├── readme.md                 # 项目内部文档
├── backups/                      # 数据备份文件夹
│   ├── mysql/                    # MySQL备份 .sql.gz
│   ├── redis/                    # Redis备份
├── config/
│   ├── mysql/                    # MySQL配置文件 + data挂载目录
│   ├── redis/                    # Redis配置文件 + data
├── iso/
│   ├── mysql_8.0.tar              # 离线Docker镜像
│   ├── redis_7.2-alpine.tar      # 离线Docker镜像

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三、关键文件详解

1. .env

# MySQL配置
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=StrongRootPwd123!
MYSQL_DATABASE=yufudb
MYSQL_USER=mysqluser
MYSQL_PASSWORD=StrongUserPwd123!

# Redis配置
REDIS_PASSWORD=StrongRedisPwd123!

2. docker-compose.yml

采用环境变量模式配置，且配置了healthcheck:

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    container_name: mysql_container
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: ${MYSQL_DATABASE}
      MYSQL_USER: ${MYSQL_USER}
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_PASSWORD}
      MYSQL_INITDB_ARGS: "--character-set-server=utf8mb4 --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci"
    ports:
      - "3306:3306"
    volumes:
      - /opt/docker/config/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql
      - /opt/docker/config/mysql/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "mysqladmin", "ping", "-h", "localhost", "-p${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}"]
      interval: 20s
      retries: 3
      start_period: 30s
      timeout: 10s

  redis:
    image: redis:7.2-alpine
    container_name: redis_container
    command: ["redis-server", "/etc/redis/redis.conf", "--requirepass", "${REDIS_PASSWORD}"]
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"
    volumes:
      - redis_data:/data
      - /opt/docker/backups/redis:/backups/redis
      - /opt/docker/config/redis/redis.conf:/etc/redis/redis.conf
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "redis-cli", "-a", "${REDIS_PASSWORD}", "ping"]
      interval: 30s
      retries: 3
      start_period: 10s
      timeout: 5s

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四、MySQL数据库备份脚本 (multi-db + 自动清理 + 日志)

#!/bin/bash
BACKUP_DIR="/opt/docker/backups/mysql"
DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)
CONTAINER_NAME="mysql_container"
MYSQL_USER="root"
MYSQL_PASSWORD="StrongRootPwd123!"
KEEP_DAYS=30
DATABASES=("yufudb" "testdb" "analyticsdb")
LOG_FILE="${BACKUP_DIR}/backup_${DATE}.log"

mkdir -p "$BACKUP_DIR"
echo "[${DATE}] Start backup..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

for DB in "${DATABASES[@]}"; do
  docker exec $CONTAINER_NAME /usr/bin/mysqldump -u$MYSQL_USER -p$MYSQL_PASSWORD $DB > "$BACKUP_DIR/${DB}_$DATE.sql"
  gzip "$BACKUP_DIR/${DB}_$DATE.sql"
  echo "[$DB] Done: ${DB}_$DATE.sql.gz" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
done

find "$BACKUP_DIR" -type f -name "*.sql.gz" -mtime +$KEEP_DAYS -exec rm {} \;
echo "[$DATE] Cleaned expired backups." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"

配合crontab

0 2 * * * bash /opt/docker/mysql_redis_deploy/backup_mysql.sh >> /opt/docker/backups/mysql/backup_$(date +\%Y\%m\%d).log 2>&1

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五、MySQL数据恢复一行命令

gunzip /opt/docker/backups/mysql/yufudb_20240418_020000.sql.gz
docker exec -i mysql_container mysql -uroot -p'StrongRootPwd123!' yufudb < /opt/docker/backups/mysql/yufudb_20240418_020000.sql

建议恢复前确保目标数据库为空

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六、遗忘密码处理方案

docker run --name mysql_reset_tmp \
  -v /opt/docker/config/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql \
  -v /opt/docker/config/mysql/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d \
  -p 3307:3306 \
  -e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
  -d mysql:8.0 --skip-grant-tables

docker exec -it mysql_reset_tmp bash
mysql -uroot

进入MySQL后：

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'StrongRootPwd123!';
ALTER USER 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'StrongRootPwd123!';
ALTER USER 'mysqluser'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'StrongUserPwd123!';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

退出，删除并重启正常安全式MySQL容器

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七、健康状态自动检查 + 重启

#!/bin/bash
check_container_health() {
  container_name=$1
  health_status=$(docker inspect --format='{{.State.Health.Status}}' ${container_name} 2>/dev/null)
  if [ "$health_status" != "healthy" ]; then
    echo "[$(date +"%F %T")] $container_name unhealthy! Restarting..."
    docker restart $container_name
  else
    echo "[$(date +"%F %T")] $container_name healthy."
  fi
}

check_container_health mysql_container
check_container_health redis_container

配合crontab每小时检查一次

0 * * * * bash /opt/docker/mysql_redis_deploy/health_check.sh >> /opt/docker/logs/health_check.log 2>&1

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八、总结与实践

该项目展示了如何从零构建一套符合企业级要求的可备份、可恢复、可稳定运行的MySQL+Redis服务体系，覆盖了部署、备份、恢复、密码管理与健康维护的完整链路。

持续完善，可扩展：如一键数据库恢复脚本、灾备切换脚本等。

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