# Go使用sqlx操作MySQL完整指南
## 1. 安装依赖
```bash
go get github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
go get github.com/jmoiron/sqlx
2. 数据库基础操作
package main
import (
"fmt"
_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
"github.com/jmoiron/sqlx"
)
var db *sqlx.DB
type User struct {
ID int `db:"id"`
Username string `db:"username"`
Password string `db:"password"`
Age int `db:"age"`
}
func initDB() (err error) {
dsn := "root:123456@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/test?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True"
db, err = sqlx.Connect("mysql", dsn)
if err != nil {
return err
}
db.SetMaxOpenConns(100)
db.SetMaxIdleConns(10)
return nil
}
func createDatabase() error {
_, err := db.Exec("CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS test DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4")
return err
}
func dropDatabase() error {
_, err := db.Exec("DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS test")
return err
}
func createTable() error {
sql := `
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users(
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
password VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
age INT
)ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;
`
_, err := db.Exec(sql)
return err
}
func dropTable() error {
_, err := db.Exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS users")
return err
}
func insertUser(user User) error {
sql := "INSERT INTO users(username, password, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"
_, err := db.Exec(sql, user.Username, user.Password, user.Age)
return err
}
func batchInsertUsers(users []User) error {
sql := "INSERT INTO users(username, password, age) VALUES (:username, :password, :age)"
_, err := db.NamedExec(sql, users)
return err
}
func getUserByID(id int) (User, error) {
var user User
sql := "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=?"
err := db.Get(&user, sql, id)
return user, err
}
func getUsers(age int) ([]User, error) {
var users []User
sql := "SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > ?"
err := db.Select(&users, sql, age)
return users, err
}
func updateUser(user User) error {
sql := "UPDATE users SET password=?, age=? WHERE username=?"
_, err := db.Exec(sql, user.Password, user.Age, user.Username)
return err
}
func deleteUser(id int) error {
sql := "DELETE FROM users WHERE id=?"
_, err := db.Exec(sql, id)
return err
}
func main() {
if err := initDB(); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("init db failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
defer db.Close()
if err := createDatabase(); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("create database failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
if err := createTable(); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("create table failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
user1 := User{
Username: "张三",
Password: "123456",
Age: 20,
}
if err := insertUser(user1); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("insert user failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
users := []User{
{Username: "李四", Password: "123456", Age: 21},
{Username: "王五", Password: "123456", Age: 22},
{Username: "赵六", Password: "123456", Age: 23},
}
if err := batchInsertUsers(users); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("batch insert users failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
user, err := getUserByID(1)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("get user failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
fmt.Printf("user:%#v\n", user)
userList, err := getUsers(20)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("get users failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
fmt.Printf("users:%#v\n", userList)
user1.Password = "654321"
if err := updateUser(user1); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("update user failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
if err := deleteUser(1); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("delete user failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
if err := dropTable(); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("drop table failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
if err := dropDatabase(); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("drop database failed, err:%v\n", err)
return
}
}
3. 事务操作示例
func transfer(fromUsername, toUsername string, amount int) error {
tx, err := db.Beginx()
if err != nil {
return err
}
sql1 := "UPDATE users SET balance = balance - ? WHERE username = ?"
sql2 := "UPDATE users SET balance = balance + ? WHERE username = ?"
result1, err := tx.Exec(sql1, amount, fromUsername)
if err != nil {
tx.Rollback()
return err
}
rows1, err := result1.RowsAffected()
if err != nil {
tx.Rollback()
return err
}
if rows1 != 1 {
tx.Rollback()
return fmt.Errorf("转出账户不存在")
}
result2, err := tx.Exec(sql2, amount, toUsername)
if err != nil {
tx.Rollback()
return err
}
rows2, err := result2.RowsAffected()
if err != nil {
tx.Rollback()
return err
}
if rows2 != 1 {
tx.Rollback()
return fmt.Errorf("转入账户不存在")
}
return tx.Commit()
}
4. 常用查询技巧
4.1 IN查询
func getUsersByIDs(ids []int) ([]User, error) {
query, args, err := sqlx.In("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (?)", ids)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
query = db.Rebind(query)
var users []User
err = db.Select(&users, query, args...)
return users, err
}
4.2 分页查询
func getUsersByPage(page, pageSize int) ([]User, error) {
offset := (page - 1) * pageSize
sql := "SELECT * FROM users LIMIT ? OFFSET ?"
var users []User
err := db.Select(&users, sql, pageSize, offset)
return users, err
}
4.3 模糊查询
func searchUsers(keyword string) ([]User, error) {
sql := "SELECT * FROM users WHERE username LIKE ?"
var users []User
err := db.Select(&users, sql, "%"+keyword+"%")
return users, err
}
5. 注意事项
- 始终记得关闭数据库连接
- 使用事务时要确保正确处理回滚和提交
- 使用预处理语句防止SQL注入
- 合理设置连接池参数
- 处理所有可能的错误
- 使用合适的字段类型和索引优化查询性能
6. 最佳实践
- 使用结构体标签映射数据库字段
- 统一错误处理
- 使用连接池
- 合理组织代码结构
- 编写单元测试
- 记录必要的日志
- 定期备份数据库